Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2222-6990

The Use of the Eight-Year Cycle in the Early Malay Calendar

Baharrudin Zainal, Zurita Mohd Yusoff, Jamalluddin Hashim, Wan Ismail Wan Abdullah

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i11/8200

Open access

The earliest calendar in the Malay World and throughout most of civilization, certain symbols were used to represent dates. These symbols, commonly used surrounding objects which could be collectively understood. Therefore, the calendar developed by the earliest societies correlated with basic mathematical concepts and astronomical knowledge, especially, alphabetical and numerical symbols. This paper will discuss the special codes of the calendar in the Malay World, which are based on the marking of the seasons. As in Hinduism and ethno-knowledge of society, these codes are represented by the names of local exotic animals. With the advent of Islam, these symbols were replaced by the Arabic alphabet. Quantitative analysis shows that this cycle refers more to the code of the error of the Moon phases, in relation to the actual number of days which were used to arrange the calendar.

Sastramidjaja, A. (1991). Sunda Calendar. http://members.tripod.com/INUG/Kala.htm
Al-Attas, N. S. M. (1988). The Oldest Known Malay Manuscript: A 16th Century Malay Translation of the ‘Aqaid of al-Nasafi. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya.
Al-Biruni. (1029). Kitab al-Tafhim li-awa’il sina’at al-tanjim. Dlm. Fuat Sezgin, 1998, Islamic Mathematical And Astronomy, Vol 29. (Terj. Inggeris), Ramsay Wright, 1933. Publication of the Institute In the History of Arabic-Islamic Science. Frankfurt: Institute In the History of Arabic Science, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University.
Al-Biruni. (1048). Al-Athar al-baqiya ‘an al-qurun al-haliya. Dlm. Fuat Sezgin, 1998, Islamic Mathematical And Astronomy, Vol 30. Publication of the Institute In the History of Arabic-Islamic Science. Frankfurt: Institute In the History of Arabic Science, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University.
Broda, J. (2000). Mesoamerican Astronomy and the Ritual Calendar. In Astronomy Across Cultures, The History of Non- Western Astronomy, ed. Helaine Selin. London: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Chakrabarty, K. K. (1998). Practices of Modern Hindu Calendars. Paper presented at the International Conference On Lunar Calendar Practice: A Common Heritage In Islamic, Chinese, Hindu and Other Civilizations. Universiti Sains Malaysia & Institut Kefahaman Islam Malaysia, November 1998.
Goutzioupas, G., & Iordanides, G. (2013). “Micropolitics” and Secondary Education Teachers’ Evaluation in Greece. Multilingual Academic Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 1(1), 70– 85.
Dogget, L. E. (1992). Calendars. In Seidelmann, P.K (editor), Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. California: University Science Books.
Encyclopaedia of Islam, The. (2000). s.v ‘takwim’. New Ed, Vol X. Leiden: Brill.
Kochhar, R. (1998). Hindu Calendar’s Role In Indian Science. Paper presented at the. International Conference On Lunar Calendar Practice: A Common Heritage In Islamic, Chinese, Hindu and Other Civilizations. Universiti Sains Malaysia & Institut Kefahaman Islam Malaysia, November 1998.
Wardan, M. (1957). Hisab Urfi dan Hakiki. Jogjakarta: Penerbit & Toko Buku Siaran.
Nadvi, S. S. (1946). Muslim Observatory. Dlm. Fuat Sezgin, 1998, Islamic Mathematical and Astronomy, Vol 94. Observatories and Instruments. Publication of the Institute In the History of Arabic-Islamic Science. Frankfurt: Institute in the History of Arabic Science, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University.
Raffles, T. S. (1965). The History of Java. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press
Ragep, F. J. (1993). Tadhkira fi cilm al-hay’a: Nasir al-Din Tusi’s Memoir on Astronomy . New York: Springer-Verlag.
Rizvi, S. S. H. (1979). A Newly Discovered Book of al-Biruni, ‘Ghurrat-uz-Zijat’, and al-Birunis Measurements of Earths Dimension. Dlm al-Biruni Commemorative Volume, ed. by Hakim Mohammed Said. Karachi: Hamdard Academy.
Zain, S. M. (2000). Angka Melayu Sebelum Kedatangan Islam. Bull. Malaysian Math. Sc. Soc. (Second Series), 23 (2000), ms 187-220.
Endraswara, S. (2005). Budaya Jawa, Mutiara Adiluhung Orang Jawa. Yogyakarta: Gelombang Pasang.

In-Text Citation: (Zainal et al., 2020)
To Cite this Article:Zainal, B., Yusoff, Z. M., Hashim, J., & Abdullah, W. I. W. (2020). The use of the Eight-Year Cycle in the Early Malay Calendar. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(11), 1232–1239.