ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
We often read slogans like "Without women, no development" but are women really advancing? We still need to know 1) whether women’s career paths are as smooth as that of men’s? 2) Can they claim and bargain for their desired compensations and promotions; 3) 0r they can easily relocate themselves easily to some organization or place where they may find all that is desired by them? 4) Can they build and sustain their own power networks; 5) can they organize and run professional bodies and societies on their own? And finally we see women facilitating others everywhere but how often do we see women leading others? This qualitative study aims to identify reasons why women fail to pursue their career as seriously as men. What are the social and psychological factors that are pushing women behind? What values and traits are missing in women that they fail to acquire leadership roles in life? What can be done to help and guide the women struggling in their careers towards better decision making. The study comprise of report developed after interpretive analysis of the qualitative survey done with lady doctors working in national hospitals in three districts of Punjab, Pakistan supported by in-depth interviews of doctors working with Pakistan Medical Association and telephonic survey with doctors who did not pursue their career. After triangulation and analysis of the evidence, the researcher reached at an interesting conclusion, that lady doctors must learn to balance between their emotional and professional needs to stay in the field and advance in career.
Baldridge, D. C., Eddleston, K. A., Golden, T. D., and Veiga, J. F. (2000). Saying 'no' to being uprooted: the impact of family and gender on willingness to relocate. paper presented at The Annual Meetings of the Academy of Management, Toronto, Canada
Bano, S., Aslam, S. K., and Zafar, S. (2005). Problems of Female Doctors Working in Hospitals, Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences.
Baruch, Y. (2006). Career development in organizations and beyond: balancing traditional and contemporary viewpoints. Human Resource Management Review, 16(2), pp. 125-138.
Basit, T. N. (2003). Manual or electronic? The role of coding in qualitative data
Analysis. Educational Research, 45(2), pp. 143–154.
Bierema, L. (2005). Women's networks: A career development intervention or impediment? Human Resource Development International, 8(2), pp. 207-224.
Bickel, J., & Clark, V. (2000). Encouraging the Advancement of Women. Journal of American Medical Association, 283, pp.671.
Blau, F. D., Ferber, M., and Winkler, A. (1998). The economics of women, men, and work, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Borkowski, S. C., & Walsh, A. (1992). Executives in healthcare administration: where do women stand? Healthcare Financial Management
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3257/is_n7_v46/ai_12625989/pg_3/?tag=content;col1 Access 8-08-09
Broadbridge, A. (2007). Dominated by women: managed by men? The career development process of retail managers. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management,35(12), pp. 956
Burke, R., & Vinnicombe, S. (2005). Advancing women's careers. Career Development International, 10(3), pp. 165-167.
Burke, R., & Vinnicombe, S. (2006). Supporting women's career advancement. Emerald Group Publishing.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methods in Educational Research (6th ed.). London: Routledge.
Cooke, F. (2007). Husband's career first: renegotiating career and family commitment among migrant Chinese academic couples in Britain. Work, Employment & Society, 21(1), pp. 47.
Dambisya, Y. M. (2004). The fate and career destinations of doctors who qualified at Uganda's Makerere Medical School in 1984: retrospective cohort study. British Medical Journal, 329(7466), pp. 600–601.
Davidson, M., & Cooper, C. (1992). Shattering the glass ceiling: The woman manager: Paul Chapman Publishing.
Ek, E. W., Ek, E. T., & Mackay, S. D. (2005). Undergraduate experience of surgical teaching and its influence on career choice. ANZ J Surg, 75, pp. 713-718.
Forret, M. L., and Dougherty, T.W. (2001).Correlates of networking behavior for managerial and professional employees. Group & Organization Management, 26(3), pp. 283-311.
Ghazali, S. A., Shah, I. A., Zaidi, A. A., & Tahir, M. H. (2007). Job Satisfaction among Doctors at Teaching Hospital of Bahawalpur. Journal of Ayub Medical College (JAMC), 19(3)
Green, E., Moore, J., Easton, H., and Heggie, J. (2004). Barriers to women's employment and progression in the labour market in the north east of England (Research Report)”. Centre for Social and Policy Research, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough.
Greenhaus, J. H., and Callanan, G. A. (1994). Career Management. New York: The Dryden Press.
Hall, D. T. (2002). Careers in and out of Organizations. Thousands Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Hamel, M. B., Ingelfinger, J. R., Phimister, E., Solomon, C. G. (2006). Women in academic medicine: progress and challenges. New England Journal of Medicine, 355(3), pp. 310-312
Hedlam-Wells, J., Gosland, J., & Craig, J. (2005). There's magic in the web: e-mentoring for women's career development. Career Development International, 10(6/7), pp.444-459.
Jagsi, R., Butterton, J. R., Starr, R., & Tarbell, N. J. (2007). A targeted intervention for the career development of women in academic medicine. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167, pp. 343-345.
Khan, J. I. (2004). Scope of Medical Colleges in Pakistan. Journal of Ayub Medical College (Editorial: JAMC), 16(1).
Kirchmeyer, C. (1998). Determinants of managerial career success: evidence and explanation of male/female differences. Journal of Management, 24(6), pp. 673-92.
Kirchmeyer, C. (2002). Gender differences in managerial careers: yesterday, today and tomorrow, Journal of Business Ethics, 37(1), pp. 5-24.
Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). Interviews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing (2nd ed). London: SAGE.
Laine, C., & Turner, B. J. (2004). Unequal pay for equal work: The gender gap in academic medicine (Editorial). Annals of Internal Medicine, 141(3), pp. 238
Landau, J. C., Shamir, B., and Arthur, M. B. (1992). Predictors of willingness to relocate for managerial and professional employees. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(7), pp. 667-80.
Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Madsen, M. K., & Blide, L. A. (1992). Professional advancement of women in health care management: a conceptual model. Top Health Information Management, 13(2), pp. 45-55.
Mangan, K. (2009). Part-time work is key to retaining female doctors. British Medical Journal, 325, pp. 685–6
Mayer, A. P., Files, J. A., Marcia, G., Ko, M. G., & Blair, J. E. (2008). Academic advancement of women in medicine: do socialized gender differences have a role in mentoring? Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 83 (2), pp. 204-207
Mayor, S. (2009). Report says workforce planning must accommodate part time working for female doctors. British Medical Journal, 338
Miles, M. B., and Huberman, M. A. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed). London: Sage Publications.
Nattinger, A. (2007) “Promoting the career development of women in academic medicine. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(4), p. 323.
Ng, T. W. H., Eby, L. T., Sorensen, K. L., & Feldman, D. C. (2005). Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 58, pp. 367-408.
Nizami, A., Rafique, I., Aslam, F., Minhas, F. A., Najam, N. (2006). Occupational Stress and Job Satisfaction among Nurses at a Tertiary Care Hospital. Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society, 3(1).
Oplatka, I., & Tamir, V. (2009). I don't want to be a school head: women deputy heads' insightful constructions of career advancement and retention, Educational Management Administration Leadership, 37, pp. 216-230.
Pachulicz, S., Schmitt, N., & Kuljanin, G. (2008). A model of career success: A longitudinal study of emergency physicians. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73, pp. 242-253.
Powell, G. N., and Mainiero, L. (1992). Cross-currents in the river of time: conceptualizing the complexities of women's careers. Journal of Management, 18(2), pp. 215-37.
Robinson, G. E. (2004). Career satisfaction in female physicians. Journal of American Medical Association, 291, p.635
Sambunjak, D., Sharon, E. S., Ana Maru i , A. (2006). Mentoring in Academic Medicine: A Systematic Review. Journal of American Medical Association, 296, pp.1103-1115
SERA, Scottish Educational Research Association. (2005). Scottish Educational Research Association Ethical Guidelines for Educational Research. http://Sera.ac.uk Access: 24-08-09
Sullivan, S., & Mainiero, L. (2007). The changing nature of gender roles, alpha/beta careers and work-life issues. Career Development International, 12(3), pp. 238-263.
Sultana, R. G. (2008). Competence’ and ‘competence frameworks’ in career guidance:
complex and contested concepts. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance. 8(2).
Sultana, R. G., & Watts, A. G. (2008). Career guidance in the Middle East and North Africa. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 8(1), pp. 19-34.
Swanson, J., & Fouad, N. (2009). Career theory and practice: Learning through case studies. CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Taylor, K., Lambert, T., & Goldacre, M. (2008).Future career plans of a cohort of senior doctors working in the National Health Service. Journal of Royal Society of Medicine, 101(4), pp. 182-190
Tharenou, P., Latimer, S., and Conroy, D. (1994). How do you make it to the top? An examination of influences on women's and men's managerial advancement. Academy of Management Journal, 37, pp. 899-931.
Vera, A., & Hucke, D. (2009). Managerial orientation and career success of physicians in hospitals. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 23(1), pp.70-84.
Wayne, S. J., Liden, R. C., Kraimer, M. L., and Graf, I. K. (1999). The role of human capital, motivation and supervisor sponsorship in predicting career success. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, pp. 577-95.
Weinert, C., Billings, J., Ryan, R., & Ingbar, D. (2005). Academic and Career
Development of Pulmonary and Critical Care Physician Scientists. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 200, p. 503
Winyard, G. (2009). The future of female doctors. British Medical Journal, 338
Yasmeen, S. (2005). Impact of Higher Education in Understanding of Social Recognition in Women. PhD Dissertation, University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi. Pakistan.
Young, A., Cady, S., & Foxon, M. (2006). Demystifying gender differences in mentoring: Theoretical perspectives and challenges for future research on gender and mentoring. Human Resource Development Review, 5(2): 148.
In-Text Citation: (Arif, 2011)
To Cite this Article: Arif, S. (2011). Broken Wings: Issues Faced by Female Doctors in Pakistan Regarding Career Development. International Journal of Academic Research in Busines & Social Sciences. 1(2), 22-42.
Copyright: © 2011 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode