Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2222-6990

Investigating Sustainability-oriented Practices in Malaysian Oil Palm Cooperatives: A Construct Validation Method Using Confirmatory Composite Analysis

Zaifalaila Zakaria, Abdul Rahman Abdul Rahim, Zaki Aman

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i5/8523

Open access

Sustainability-oriented Practices (SOP) is a novel theme in the developing countries, particularly in the context of oil palm cooperatives. However, limited knowledge is observed about the achievements of sustainability agenda in oil palm cooperatives. Oil palm cooperatives are democratically controlled and voluntarily member-owned business to assist smallholders in managing their oil palm farms. This study concentrates on oil palm cooperatives because of the numerous sustainability conundrums, such as deforestation, and biodiversity endangerment, associated with this sector, and the dearth of the holistic SOP that applies to the smallholders to mitigate these issues. Consequently, the hierarchical component model of SOP is not properly proven, and this warrants the crucial need for a comprehensive method and homogenous classification of measures. This study aims to estimate and validate the SOP of oil palm cooperatives by confirming SOP as a higher-order component in the context of the Malaysian palm oil sector. Data was obtained from 185 board members of the oil palm cooperatives. Consequently, this data was analysed using confirmatory composite analysis (CCA) following a visible trend in applying partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Substantial results were drawn from the CCA, therefore justifying the higher-order component of SOP. The first and second level reliability and validity assessment revealed that oil palm cooperatives implemented SOP, with varying levels of consideration to social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Environmental dimension emerged as the least critical, while the social dimension is the most prioritised. This study contributes to the sustainability, cooperative, and palm oil sector literature by presenting the earliest studies of its kind that focus on sustainability of oil palm cooperatives using a hierarchical component model. This study shed new light on the phenomena of sustainability orientation that portrays SOP as pertinent to enhance the resilience of the oil palm cooperatives.

Abazue, C. M., Choy, E. A., & Lydon, N. (2019). Oil palm smallholders and certification: exploring the knowledge level of independent oil palm smallholders to certification. J. Biosci. Agric. Res, 19(01), 1589–1596. https://doi.org/10.18801/jbar.190119.193
Abazue, C. M., Er, A. C., Ferdous Alam, A. S. A., & Begum, H. (2015). Oil Palm Smallholders and Its Sustainability Practices in Malaysia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, December. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s4p482
Abdul Aris, N., Marzuki, M., Othman, R., Abdul Rahman, S., & Hj Ismail, N. (2018). Designing indicators for cooperative sustainability: the Malaysian perspective. Social Responsibility Journal, 14(1), 226–248. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-01-2017-0015
Ador, S. F., Siwar, C., & Ghazali, R. (2016). A review of palm oil impact on sustainability dimension: SPOC initiative for independent smallholders. International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation, 2(feb.), 104–110.
Aguinis, H., & Glavas, A. (2012). What we know and don’t know about corporate social responsibility. Journal of Management, 38(4), 932–968. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311436079
Akisik, O., & Gal, G. (2011). Sustainability in businesses, corporate social responsibility, and accounting standards: An empirical study. International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, 19(3), 304–324.
https://doi.org/10.1108/18347641111169287
Altman, M. (2010). History and theories of cooperatives. International Encyclopedia of Civil Society Springer, New York, NY, December, 563–570.
Anderson, B. L., & Henehan, B. M. (2003). What gives cooperatives a bad name? NCR 194 Meeting, 1–12.
Atkin, T., Gilinsky, A., & Newton, S. K. (2012). Environmental strategy: does it lead to competitive advantage in the US wine industry? International Journal of Wine Business Research, 24(2), 115–133. https://doi.org/10.1108/17511061211238911
Bae, H., & Smardon, R. C. (2011). Indicators of sustainable business practices. In Environmental Management in Practice (Issue May, pp. 177–206). InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/17254
Begum, H., Siwar, C., Alam, L., Choy, E. A., Ishak, S., & Alam, A. S. A. F. (2018). Enhancing sustainability amongst oil palm smallholders in Malaysia. International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, 14(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJARGE.2018.10011894
Benos, T., Kalogeras, N., Wetzels, M., de Ruyter, K., & Pennings, J. M. E. (2018). Harnessing a ‘currency matrix’ for performance measurement in cooperatives: A multi-phased study. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(12), 4536. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124536
Bodhanwala, S., & Bodhanwala, R. (2018). Does corporate sustainability impact firm profitability? Evidence from India. Management Decision, 56(8), 1734–1747. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-04-2017-0381
Bruwer, J. P., Coetzee, P., & Meiring, J. (2018). Can internal control activities and managerial conduct influence business sustainability? A South African SMME perspective. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 25(5), 710–729.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-11-2016-0188
Burjorjee, P., Nelis, Y., & Roth, B. (2017). Land cooperatives as a model for sustainable agriculture?: A case study in Germany. Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskona, Sweden.
Cantele, S., & Zardini, A. (2018). Is sustainability a competitive advantage for small businesses? An empirical analysis of possible mediators in the sustainability–financial performance relationship. Journal of Cleaner Production, 182, 166–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.016
Cegarra-Navarro, J.-G., Reverte, C., Gómez-Melero, E., & Wensley, A. K. P. (2016). Linking social and economic responsibilities with financial performance: The role of innovation. European Management Journal, 34(5), 530–539.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2016.02.006
Choy, E. A., & Albanya, A. . (2017). Economic sustainability of palm oil plantations smong smallholders in Lahad Datu, Sabah. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 4(1), 9–10. https://doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i7s.8
Cramb, R., & Curry, G. N. (2012). Oil palm and rural livelihoods in the Asia-Pacific region: An overview. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 53(3), 223–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2012.01495.x
Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (2017). The oil palm complex smallholders, agribusiness and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia. In R. Cramb & J. F. McCarthy (Eds.), NUS Press (First). NUS Press Pte Ltd. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/j.ctv1xz0km.7
Cronbach, L. J. (1946). A case study of the splithalf reliability coefficient. Journal of Educational Psychology, 37(8), 473–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054328
Crutzen, N. (2011). Sustainability Performance Management in Large Firms: A Qualitative Research amongst Seven Western European Firms. 1–24.
https://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/99001/1/FullPaper-Sustainability Performance Management-EBEN-June2011.pdf
Dale, A., Duguid, F., Lamarca, M. G., Hough, P., Tyson, P., Foon, R., Newell, R., & Herbert, Y. (2013). Cooperatives and sustainability: An investigation into the relationship. Report International Co-Operative Alliance, 1–76.
Dos Santos, M. A. O., Svensson, G., & Padin, C. (2014). Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of sustainable business practices: framework and empirical illustration. Corporate Governance (Bingley), 14(4), 515–530. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-02-2013-0022
Duguid, F., Lamarca, M. G., Hough, P., Tyson, P., Foon, R., Newell, R., Herbert, Y., Meyer-MacLeod, J., & Jeremy Murphy. (2013). Cooperatives and sustainability: An investigation into the relationship. http://www.ssg.coophttp//ica.coop
Eccles, R. G., Ioannou, I., & Serafeim, G. (2011). The impact of corporate sustainability on organizational processes and performance. In SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1964011
El-Khalil, R., & El-Kassar, A. N. (2018). Effects of corporate sustainability practices on performance: the case of the MENA region. Benchmarking, 25(5), 1333–1349. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-06-2015-0065
Elkington, J. (1998). Cannibals with forks. The triple bottom line of 21st century business. New Society Publishers. https://doi.org/0865713928
Esim, S. (2017). Co-operatives and the Sustainable Development Goals. www.ilo.org/coop
Fassin, Y., & Van Rossem, A. (2009). Corporate Governance in the Debate on CSR and Ethics: Sensemaking of Social Issues in Management by Authorities and CEOs. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 17(5), 573–593. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2009.00738.x
Fernando, Y., Jabbour, C. J., & Wah, W. X. (2019). Pursuing green growth in technology firms through the connections between environmental innovation and sustainable business performance: Does service capability matter? Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 141(July 2018), 8–20.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.09.031
Gadenne, D., Mia, L., Sands, J., Winata, L., & Hooi, G. (2012). The influence of sustainability performance management practices on organisational sustainability performance. Journal of Accounting and Organizational Change, 8(2), 210–235.
https://doi.org/10.1108/18325911211230380
Gallardo-Vázquez, D., & Sanchez-Hernandez, M. I. (2014). Measuring corporate social responsibility for competitive success at a regional level. Journal of Cleaner Production, 72, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.051
Gan, P. Y., & Li, Z. D. (2014). Econometric study on Malaysia?s palm oil position in the world market to 2035. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39(June), 740–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.059
Gefen, Rigdon, & Straub. (2011). Editor’s Comments: An Update and Extension to SEM Guidelines for Administrative and Social Science Research. MIS Quarterly, 35(2), iii. https://doi.org/10.2307/23044042
GRI. (2015). Interpretations on the G4 Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/grig4-part1-reporting-principles-and-standard-disclosures.pdf
Grønholdt, L., & Martensen, A. (2009). Management practices driving sustained business success. Measuring Business Excellence, 13(1), 47–55.
https://doi.org/10.1108/13683040910943045
Gutiérrez-Martínez, I., & Duhamel, F. (2019). Translating sustainability into competitive advantage: the case of Mexico’s hospitality industry. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/cg-01-2019-0031
Hair, Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). In SAGE Publications, Inc. (Vol. 38, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2015.1005806
Hair, J. F., Howard, M. C., & Nitzl, C. (2020). Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109(August 2019), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). Rethinking some of the rethinking of partial least squares. European Journal of Marketing, 53(4), 566–584. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-10-2018-0665
Hardesty, D. M., & Bearden, W. O. (2004). The use of expert judges in scale development. Implications for improving face validity of measures of unobservable constructs. Journal of Business Research, 57(2), 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00295-8
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Høgevold, N. M., & Svensson, G. (2012). A business sustainability model: A European case study. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 27(2), 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1108/08858621211197001
Hutabarat, S., Slingerland, M., & Dries, L. (2019). Explaining the “Certification Gap” for Different Types of Oil Palm Smallholders in Riau Province, Indonesia. The Journal of Environment & Development, 28(3), 253–281.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496519854505
ILO, & ICA. (2015). Cooperatives and the sustainable development goals: A contribution to the post-2015 development debate a policy brief. International Labour Organization: International Cooperative Alliance, 1–16. www.ica.coop
Janius, J. (2019). Gerakan Koperasi di Malaysia Menongkah Kebekuan. Universiti Malaya Publisher.
Janudin, S. E., Halim, H. A., Habidin, N. F., & Hanif, F. M. (2019). Contemporary management accounting practices and managerial performance amongst the Malaysian co-operatives sector. Research in World Economy, 10(5), 129–138.
https://doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v10n5p129
Jarvis, C. B., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2003). A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(2), 199–218.
https://doi.org/10.1086/376806
Jelsma, I., Woittiez, L. S., Ollivier, J., & Dharmawan, A. H. (2019). Do wealthy farmers implement better agricultural practices? An assessment of implementation of Good Agricultural Practices among different types of independent oil palm smallholders in Riau, Indonesia. Agricultural Systems, 170(November 2018), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.11.004
Kähkönen, A.-K., Lintukangas, K., & Hallikas, J. (2018). Sustainable supply management practices: making a difference in a firm’s sustainability performance. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 23(6), 518–530. https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-01-2018-0036
Kari, F., & Othman, A. (2008). Enhancing co-operative movement to achieve Malaysia’s development goals. The Role of Co-Operatives in Sustaining Development and Fostering Social Responsibility. https://doi.org/10.1109/RFIC.2003.1213898
Khan, S. A., Kusi-Sarpong, S., Arhin, F. K., & Kusi-Sarpong, H. (2018). Supplier sustainability performance evaluation and selection: A framework and methodology. Journal of Cleaner Production, 205, 964–979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.144
Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of E-Collaboration, 11(4), 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
Kock, N., & Hadaya, P. (2018). Minimum sample size estimation in PLS-SEM: The inverse square root and gamma-exponential methods. Information Systems Journal, 28(1), 227–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12131
Kumaran, S. (2019). The dynamics for mandatory MSPO certification scheme to be successfully implemented. Journal of Oil Palm, Environment and Health (JOPEH), 10(0). https://doi.org/10.5366/jope.2019.01
Laskar, N., & Maji, G. S. (2018). Disclosure of corporate sustainability performance and firm performance in Asia. Asian Review of Accounting, 26(4), 414–443. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARA-02-2017-0029
Laurell, H., Karlsson, N. P. E., Lindgren, J., Andersson, S., & Svensson, G. (2019). Re-testing and validating a triple bottom line dominant logic for business sustainability. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 30(3), 518–537. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-02-2018-0024
Lourenço, I. C., Branco, M. C., Curto, J. D., & Eugénio, T. (2012). How does the market value corporate sustainability performance? Journal of Business Ethics, 108(4), 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1102-8
Maleti?, M., Maleti?, D., & Gomiš?ek, B. (2012). An organizational sustainability performance measurement framework. Environment, Energy Systems and Sustainability, 220–225.
Marcis, J., Bortoluzzi, S. C., de Lima, E. P., & da Costa, S. E. G. (2019). Sustainability performance evaluation of agricultural cooperatives’ operations: a systemic review of the literature. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 21(3), 1111–1126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0095-1
Marcis, J., Pinheiro de Lima, E., & Gouvêa da Costa, S. E. (2019). Model for assessing sustainability performance of agricultural cooperatives’. Journal of Cleaner Production, 234, 933–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.170
Mojo, D., Fischer, C., & Degefa, T. (2015). Social and environmental impacts of agricultural cooperatives: Evidence from Ethiopia. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 22(5), 388–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2015.1052860
Nambiappan, B., Ismail, A., Hashim, N., Ismail, N., Shahari, D. N., Idris, N. A. N., Omar, N., Salleh, K. M., Hassan, N. A. M., & Kushairi, A. (2018). Malaysia: 100 years of resilient palm oil economic performance. In Journal of Oil Palm Research (Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp. 13–25). https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2018.0014
Asia, N. (2021). US blocks palm oil imports from Malaysia’s Sime Darby - Nikkei Asia. Nikkei Asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Trade/US-blocks-palm-oil-imports-from-Malaysia-s-Sime-Darby
Ortmann, G. F., & King, R. P. (2007). Agricultural cooperatives I: History, theory and problems. Agrekon, 46(1), 18–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2007.9523760
Othman, I., Maslinawati, M., & Azizah, A. (2013). Cooperative movements in Malaysia: The issue of governance. International Journal of Social, Educational, Economic and Management Engineering, 7(6), 660–664. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr
Padin, C., Ferro, C., Wagner, B., Valera, J. C. S., Høgevold, N. M., & Svensson, G. (2016). Validating a triple bottom line construct and reasons for implementing sustainable business practices in companies and their business networks. Corporate Governance (Bingley), 16(5), 849–865. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-12-2015-0163
Pye, O. (2018). Commodifying sustainability: Development, nature and politics in the palm oil industry. World Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.014
Rauter, R., Globocnik, D., Perl-Vorbach, E., & Baumgartner, R. J. (2018). Open innovation and its effects on economic and sustainability innovation performance. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 4(4), 226–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2018.03.004
Reverte, C., Gómez-Melero, E., & Cegarra-Navarro, J. G. (2016). The Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices on Organizational Performance: Evidence from Eco-Responsible Spanish Firms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 2870–2884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.128
Riva, E., & Garavaglia, E. (2016). The sustainability and political agency of social cooperatives in Italy during the great recession. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 36(7–8), 435–455. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-01-2016-0005
Sallehhuddin, A., Said, A. M. A., Hasmanto, N., Mustafa, M. A., Jais, M., Samsudin, A., Masuod, M. S., & Ismail, H. (2017). Crafting preliminary model for mosque cooperatives’ antecedents of performance. Asian Social Science, 13(2), 116. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n2p116
Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J. H., Becker, J. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal, 27(3), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.05.003
Senawi, R. (2019). Transformation of Oil Palm Independent Smallholders Through Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil. Journal of Oil Palm Research, 31(3), 496–507. https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2019.0038
Soboh, R. A. M. E., Lansink, A. O., Giesen, G., & van Dijk, G. (2009). Performance measurement of the agricultural marketing cooperatives: The gap between theory and practice. Review of Agricultural Economics, 31(3), 446–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9353.2009.01448.x
Sroufe, R., & Gopalakrishna-Remani, V. (2018). Management, social sustainability, reputation, and financial performance relationships: An empirical examination of U.S. firms. Organization and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026618756611
Susanty, A., Bakhtiar, A., Puspitasari, N. B., & Mustika, D. (2018). Performance analysis and strategic planning of dairy supply chain in Indonesia: A comparative study. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 67(9), 1435–1462. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-10-2017-0250
Svensson, Göran, Høgevold, N., Ferro, C., Varela, J. C. S., Padin, C., & Wagner, B. (2016). A Triple Bottom Line Dominant Logic for Business Sustainability: Framework and Empirical Findings. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 23(2), 153–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/1051712X.2016.1169119
Svensson, Goran, Høgevold, N. M., Petzer, D., Padin, C., Ferro, C., Klopper, H. B., Sosa Varela, J. C., & Wagner, B. (2016). Framing stakeholder considerations and business sustainability efforts: a construct, its dimensions and items. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 31(2), 287–300. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-05-2014-0094
Svensson, Göran, & Wagner, B. (2015). Implementing and managing economic, social and environmental efforts of business sustainability propositions for measurement and structural models. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 26(2), 195–213. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-09-2013-0099
Ullah, M., Khan, M. W. A., Hussain, A., Rana, F., & Khan, A. (2020). A Construct Validation Approach for Exploring Sustainability Adoption in Pakistani Construction Projects. Buildings, 10(11), 207. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10110207
Umaira, F., Awang, A. H., Azian, M., Ibrahim, I., Ramli, Z., Lyndon, N., Yusof, I., Hashim, K., Peng, T. S., Mansor, N. H., Omar, W., Bakar, H. A., Sosial, P. K., Pembangunan, P., Sains, F., Ekonomi, F., & Selangor, B. (2017). Kelestarian penanaman sawit dan produktiviti pekebun kecil persendirian. Journal of Global Business and Social Entrepreneurship (GBSE), 2015(1), 12–20.
UN. (2017). Cooperatives in Social Development: Report of the Secretary-General (Vol. 12080, Issue July). https://documents-dds-
ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/217/92/PDF/N1721792.pdf?OpenElement
Wiengarten, F., & Longoni, A. (2015). A nuanced view on supply chain integration: A coordinative and collaborative approach to operational and sustainability performance improvement. Supply Chain Management, 20(2), 139–150.
https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-04-2014-0120
Wijethilake, C. (2017). Proactive sustainability strategy and corporate sustainability performance: The mediating effect of sustainability control systems. Journal of Environmental Management, 196, 569–582.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.057
Windolph, S. E., Schaltegger, S., & Herzig, C. (2014). Implementing corporate sustainability: What drives the application of sustainability management tools in Germany? Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 5(4), 374–404. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-01-2014-0002
Xiao, C., Wang, Q., van der Vaart, T., & van Donk, D. P. (2018). When Does Corporate Sustainability Performance Pay off? The Impact of Country-Level Sustainability Performance. Ecological Economics, 146(December 2016), 325–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.025
Yacob, Y., Ali, J. K., Roslin, R., & Ting, H. (2018). The relationships between member participation, trust, Behavioural loyalty, and the moderating effect of ethnicity: An explanatory study of value co-creation among cooperative members in Sarawak. International Journal of Business and Society, 19(2), 505–522.
Yu, M., & Zhao, R. (2015). Sustainability and firm valuation: An international investigation. International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, 23(3), 289–307. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-07-2014-0050
Zakaria, Z., Rahim, A. R. A., & Aman, Z. (2020). Issues and Challenges of Oil Palm Cooperatives towards Greater Sustainability: A Proposal of Conceptual Framework. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(1), 46–69. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i1/6806

In-Text Citation: (Zakaria et al., 2021)
To Cite this Article: Zakaria, Z., Rahim, A. R. A., & Aman, Z. (2021). Investigating Sustainability-oriented Practices in Malaysian Oil Palm Cooperatives: A Construct Validation Method Using Confirmatory Composite Analysis. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(5), 39-62.