Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2222-6990

Privacy Paradox in Facebook: An Online Social Networking Site

Farhan Mirza, Muhammad Zeeshan Ashraf, Sarfraz Ashraf

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i4/8831

Open access

Privacy in using the internet is a debating topic in the field of social networking. In this regard, the objective of the study is to determine the factors associated with the disclosure of the information by the user on social networking sites. However, this study has found seven key factors associated with disclosure of information which include the realization of privacy, understanding of privacy statements, trust in friends and family, data distortion, data transferring, data profiling, and control on information shared over Facebook. This study has gathered data by using a non-probability convenient sampling procedure and collected data from 215 Facebook users by using a survey strategy. The survey questionnaire has been formulated by using measurement scales from existing literature. The findings of the study have reported that realization of privacy and control on shared information are insignificantly impacted on the disclosure behavior of the user. However, data distortion, data transferring, and data profiling adversely and significantly impacted the disclosure behavior of the users. In contrast, understanding of privacy statements and trust in friends and family positively and significantly influenced the disclosure behavior of the users. Based on such generalizable findings, this study has also provided significant implications along with future avenues of the research.

Acquisti, A., & Gross, R. (2006). Imagined communities: Awareness, information sharing, and privacy on the Facebook. In International workshop on privacy enhancing technologies, 29(1), 36-58.
Akçay?r, G. (2017). Why do faculty members use or not use social networking sites for education? Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 378-385.
Ashraf, S., Ilyas, R., Imtiaz, M., & Ahmad, S. (2018). Impact of service quality, corporate image and perceived value on brand loyalty with presence and absence of customer satisfaction: A study of four service sectors of Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(2), 452-474.
Ashraf, S., Ilyas, R., Imtiaz, M., & Tahir, H. M. (2017). Impact of CSR on customer loyalty: putting customer trust, customer identification, customer satisfaction and customer commitment into equation-a study on the banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, 5(5), 1362-1372.
Ashraf, S., Iftikhar, A., Yameen, A., & Younas, S. (2018). Empirical Relationship of Customer Brand Engagement with Satisfaction and Loyalty Through Online Brand Experience. IUP Journal of Brand Management, 15(3), 23-48.
Ashuri, T., Dvir-Gvisman, S., & Halperin, R. (2018). Watching me watching you: How observational learning affects self-disclosure on social network sites? Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 23(1), 34-68.
Ayaburi, E. W., & Treku, D. N. (2020). Effect of penitence on social media trust and privacy concerns: The case of Facebook. International Journal of Information Management, 50, 171-181.
Batenburg, A., & Bartels, J. (2017). Keeping up online appearances: How self-disclosure on Facebook affects perceived respect and likability in the professional context. Computers in Human Behavior, 74, 265-276.
Brailovskaia, J., Ströse, F., Schillack, H., & Margraf, J. (2020). Less Facebook use–More well-being and a healthier lifestyle? An experimental intervention studies. Computers in Human Behavior, 108, 106-132.
Brandtzæg, P. B., Lüders, M., & Skjetne, J. H. (2010). Too many Facebook “friends”? Content sharing and sociability versus the need for privacy in social network sites. Intl. Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 26(11-12), 1006-1030.
Brown, A. J. (2020). “Should I Stay or Should I Leave?”: Exploring (Dis) continued Facebook Use After the Cambridge Analytica Scandal. Social Media+ Society, 6(1), 2056-2069.
Chalklen, C., & Anderson, H. (2017). Mothering on Facebook: Exploring the privacy/openness paradox. Social Media+ Society, 3(2), 1078-1091.
Chang, S. E., Liu, A. Y., & Shen, W. C. (2017). User trust in social networking services: A comparison of Facebook and LinkedIn. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 207-217.
Chen, R., & Sharma, S. K. (2015). Learning and self-disclosure behavior on social networking sites: the case of Facebook users. European Journal of Information Systems, 24(1), 93-106.
Dinev, T., & Hart, P. (2005). Internet privacy concerns and social awareness as determinants of intention to transact. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 10(2), 7-29.
Dinev, T., Bellotto, M., Hart, P., Russo, V., & Serra, I. (2006). Internet users' privacy concerns and beliefs about government surveillance: An exploratory study of differences between Italy and the United States. Journal of Global Information Management (JGIM), 14(4), 57-93.
Faelens, L., Hoorelbeke, K., Fried, E., De Raedt, R., & Koster, E. H. (2019). Negative influences of Facebook use through the lens of network analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 96, 13-22.
Farci, M., Rossi, L., Boccia Artieri, G., & Giglietto, F. (2017). Networked intimacy. Intimacy and friendship among Italian Facebook users. Information, Communication & Society, 20(5), 784-801.
Farhan, F. M., Waheed, N. A., & Younis, S. (2020). Impact of service quality and perceived value on the post-purchase intention with the moderating effect of switching cost. Pakistan Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(1), 65-83.
Fuchs, C. (2012). The political economy of privacy on Facebook. Television & New Media, 13(2), 139-159.
Fuller, C. M., Simmering, M. J., Atinc, G., Atinc, Y., & Babin, B. J. (2016). Common methods variance detection in business research. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 3192-3198.
Haimson, O. L., Andalibi, N., De Choudhury, M., & Hayes, G. R. (2018). Relationship breakup disclosures and media ideologies on Facebook. New Media & Society, 20(5), 1931-1952.
Hasan, A., Farhan, M., Khalid, Z., Komal, N., & Yaqoob, H. (2019). Impact of Stigma on Survivor’s Productivity: Moderating Role of Perceived Organizational Support. Int J Fam Busi Manag, 3(1), 1-7.
Hoadley, C. M., Xu, H., Lee, J. J., & Rosson, M. B. (2010). Privacy as information access and illusory control: The case of the Facebook News Feed privacy outcry. Electronic commerce research and applications, 9(1), 50-60.
Iftikhar, A., Azam, F., Ashraf, S., & Tahir, H. M. (2017). Exploring the Relationship Between Religiosity, Brand Trust and Green Purchase Intention as a Catalyst of Attitude. Int. J. of Multidisciplinary and Current research, 5, 1485-1493.
Koohikamali, M., Peak, D. A., & Prybutok, V. R. (2017). Beyond self-disclosure: Disclosure of information about others in social network sites. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 29-42.
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(3), 311-329.
Lankton, N. K., McKnight, D. H., & Tripp, J. F. (2017). Facebook privacy management strategies: A cluster analysis of user privacy behaviors. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 149-163.
Liang, H., Shen, F., & Fu, K. W. (2017). Privacy protection and self-disclosure across societies: A study of global Twitter users. new media & society, 19(9), 1476-1497.
Liu, Y., Rui, J. R., & Cui, X. (2017). Are people willing to share their political opinions on Facebook? Exploring roles of self-presentational concern in spiral of silence. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 294-302.
Malik, A., Hiekkanen, K., Dhir, A., & Nieminen, M. (2016). Impact of privacy, trust and user activity on intentions to share Facebook photos. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 29(1), 761-784.
Millham, M. H., & Atkin, D. (2018). Managing the virtual boundaries: Online social networks, disclosure, and privacy behaviors. New Media & Society, 20(1), 50-67.
Mirza, F., Ashraf, S., & Jahangir, H. B. (2020). The Impact of Religiously Motivated Consumer Boycotts on Product Judgment, Brand Image and Loyalty. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(11), 384-402.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd edit.) mcgraw-hill. Hillsdale, NJ, 416.
O'Brien, D., & Torres, A. M. (2012). Social networking and online privacy: Facebook users' perceptions. Irish Journal of Management, 31(2), 63-77.
Osatuyi, B., Passerini, K., Ravarini, A., & Grandhi, S. A. (2018). “Fool me once, shame on you… then, I learn.” An examination of information disclosure in social networking sites. Computers in human behavior, 83, 73-86.
Paine, C., Reips, U. D., Stieger, S., Joinson, A., & Buchanan, T. (2007). Internet users’ perceptions of ‘privacy concerns’ and ‘privacy actions’. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 65(6), 526-536.
Pandey, N., & Gudipudi, B. (2019). Understanding ‘what is privacy’for millennials on Facebook in India. Journal of Data Protection & Privacy, 2(3), 224-233.
Park, N., Jin, B., & Jin, S. A. A. (2011). Effects of self-disclosure on relational intimacy in Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1974-1983.
Proudfoot, J. G., Wilson, D., Valacich, J. S., & Byrd, M. D. (2018). Saving face on Facebook: Privacy concerns, social benefits, and impression management. Behaviour & Information Technology, 37(1), 16-37.
Sehar, R., Ashraf, S., & Azam, F. (2019). The influence of social media’s marketing efforts on brand equity and consumer response. IUP Journal of Marketing Management, 18(2), 30-53.
Sohrabi, M. K., & Karimi, F. (2018). A feature selection approach to detect spam in the Facebook social network. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 43(2), 949-958.
Sophos (2007). Sophos Facebook ID probe shows 41% of users happy to reveal all to potential identity thieves, [media release], Available from http://www.sophos.com/pressoffice/news/articles/2007/08/Facebook.html
Spottswood, E. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2017). Should I share that? Prompting social norms that influence privacy behaviors on a social networking site. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(2), 55-70.
Stieglitz, S., Mirbabaie, M., Ross, B., & Neuberger, C. (2018). Social media analytics–Challenges in topic discovery, data collection, and data preparation. International journal of information management, 39, 156-168.
Tobin, S. J., Chant, G., & Clay, R. (2020). Interpersonal goals as predictors of Facebook use, social capital, and envy. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(4), 257-263.
Tsay-Vogel, M., Shanahan, J., & Signorielli, N. (2018). Social media cultivating perceptions of privacy: A 5-year analysis of privacy attitudes and self-disclosure behaviors among Facebook users. new media & society, 20(1), 141-161.
Waterloo, S. F., Baumgartner, S. E., Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2018). Norms of online expressions of emotion: Comparing Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp. new media & society, 20(5), 1813-1831.
Wilson, R. E., Gosling, S. D., & Graham, L. T. (2012). A review of Facebook research in the social sciences. Perspectives on psychological science, 7(3), 203-220.
Young, A. L., & Quan-Haase, A. (2013). Privacy protection strategies on Facebook: The Internet privacy paradox revisited. Information, Communication & Society, 16(4), 479-500.
Yu, L., Li, H., He, W., Wang, F. K., & Jiao, S. (2020). A meta-analysis to explore privacy cognition and information disclosure of internet users. International Journal of Information Management, 51, 102-115.
Zia, A., Younus, S., & Mirza, F. (2021). Investigating the Impact of Brand Image and Brand Loyalty on Brand Equity: The Mediating Role of Brand Awareness. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 15(2), 1091-1106.

In-Text Citation: (Mirza et al., 2021)
To Cite this Article: Mirza, F., Ashraf, M. Z., & Ashraf, S. (2021). Privacy Paradox in Facebook: An Online Social Networking Site. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(4), 1-19.