Malaysia will become an “aged nation” by 2040 when elderly population aged 60 years and above. By 2040, elderly population was projected to risen from 3.3 million in 2020, to a staggering over 6 million. Population aging carry with it many social, economic and health issues and implication to various layers of stakeholders in a nation – e.g., the older persons themselves, the family, the community and businesses. Often, studies focus on the negative aspect of aging, forgetting the opportunity that aging population can present, thus, not optimally utilizing older person as resources. Shift to a positive perspective towards older person will put them in the mainstream and ensure inclusivity in the development process – i.e. incorporating older person into society. This study attempted to shed light on the concept of productive aging – a concept consisted of paid work and non-paid work which symbolize one’s productivity in both labour force and productive activities unaccounted for in the National Accounting such as household management and caregiving. It is also important to assess the gender differences since, productive activities not accounted for in the National Accounting are mostly performed by women. Therefore, the specific objective of the study is to measure difference in time use pattern for these productive activities in an attempt to reveal gender role stereotyping of women even in old age. Data will be analysed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Independent sample t-test was utilized to assess the gender differences. In addition, acknowledging the gendered patterns of productive aging can assist in the development of effective interventions for improving the life quality for both elderly men and women.
Abdullah, B., & Wolbring, G. (2013). Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of active aging through the lens of the 2002 World Health Organization active ageing report: a policy framework and the 2010 Toronto charter for physical activity: a global call for action. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(12), 6799-6819.
Balcombe, N. R., & Sinclair, A. (2001). Ageing: definitions, mechanisms and the magnitude of the problem. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 15(6), 835-849.
Chang, H., Dong, X. Y., & MacPhail, F. (2011). Labor migration and time use patterns of the left-behind children and elderly in rural China. World Development, 39(12), 2199-2210.
Council, N. (2000). Inquiry and the national science education standards.
Budlender, D. (Ed.). (2010). Time use studies and unpaid care work. Routledge.
Butler, R. N. (1985). Productive aging: Enhancing vitality in later life. New York: Springer Publishing.
Dong, X. Y., & An, X. (2015). Gender Patterns and Value of Unpaid Care Work: Findings From China's First Large?Scale Time Use Survey. Review of Income and Wealth, 61(3), 540-560.
Esquivel, V., Budlender, D., Folbre, N., & Hirway, I. (2008). Explorations: Time-use surveys in the south. Feminist Economics, 14(3), 107-152.
Galiana, L., Gutiérrez, M., Sancho, P., Francisco, E. H., & Tomás, J. M. (2016). Socio-demographic variables and successful aging of the angolan elderly. Scientifica, 2016.
Gauthier, A. H., & Smeeding, T. M. (2010). Historical trends in the patterns of time use of older adults. In Ageing in advanced industrial states (pp. 289-310). Springer, Dordrecht.
Hamermesh, D. S., Frazis, H., & Stewart, J. (2005). Data watch: The American time use survey. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(1), 221-232.
Hinterlong, J. E., Morrow-Howell, N., & Rozario, P. A. (2007). Productive engagement and late life physical and mental health: Findings from a nationally representative panel study. Research on Aging, 29(4), 348-370.
Hirway, I. (2010). Time-Use surveys in developing countries: An assessment. In Unpaid Work and the Economy (pp. 252-324). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Kim, H. J., Min, J. Y., & Min, K. B. (2019). Successful Aging and Mortality Risk: The Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2014). Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 20(8), 1013-1020.
Kim, J. H. (2019). Productive aging of Korean older people based on time use. Social Science & Medicine, 229, 6-13.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement, 30(3), 607-610.
Luo, Y., Pan, X., & Zhang, Z. (2019). Productive activities and cognitive decline among older adults in China: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Social Science & Medicine, 229, 96-105.
Maestas, N., Mullen, K. J., & Powell, D. (2016). The effect of population aging on economic growth, the labor force and productivity (No. w22452). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Mansor, N., Awang, H., & Rashid, N. F. A. (2019). Malaysia ageing and retirement survey. Encyclopedia of gerontology and population aging. Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 1-5.
Morrow-Howell, N., Hinterlong, J., & Sherraden, M. (Eds.). (2001). Productive aging: Concepts and challenges. JHU Press.
Naciones Unidas. División de Estadística, Statistical Division Staff, & United Nations. Statistical Division. (2005). Guide to Producing Statistics on Time Use: Measuring Paid and Unpaid Work (Vol. 93). United Nations Publications.
Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2008). The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance. Journal of applied psychology, 93(2), 392.
Ong, F. S., & Phillips, D. R. (2007). Older consumers in Malaysia. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life, 2(1), 85-117.
Paúl, C., Ribeiro, O., & Teixeira, L. (2012). Active ageing: an empirical approach to the WHO model. Current gerontology and geriatrics research, 2012. Rowe, J. W. & Kahn, R. L. (1996). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37 (4), 433-440.
Sahlen, K. G., Löfgren, C., Brodin, H., Dahlgren, L., & Lindholm, L. (2012). Measuring the value of older people's production: a diary study. BMC health services research, 12(1), 4.
Samantroy, E., & Khurana, S. (2015). Capturing Unpaid Work: Labour Statistics and Time Use Surveys. Gender Issues and Challenges in Twenty-First Century.
Skirbekk, V. (2008). Age and productivity capacity: Descriptions, causes and policy options. Ageing horizons, 8, 4-12.
Tongco, M. D. C. (2007). Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobotany Research and applications, 5, 147-158.
Visaria, A., & Dommaraju, P. (2019). Productive aging in India. Social Science & Medicine, 229, 14-21.
Ahmad, W. I., & Ismail, Z. (2014). Some demographic aspects of population aging in Malaysia. World Applied Sciences Journal, 30(7), 891-894.
In-Text Citation: (Adnan & Haron, 2021)
To Cite this Article: Adnan, A. A., & Haron, S. A. (2021). Productive Aging and Gender Differences on Time Use Pattern among Retirees. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(2), 892-903.
