ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
This study examines the cointegration and causal relationship between alcohol expenditures and violent crime in the USA for the period 1960-2007 using Johansen and Juselius (1990) cointegration test and the Granger no-causality approach developed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995). The study does not find a long-run equilibrium relationship between total expenditures on alcoholic beverages and violent crime. The results of Toda and Yamamoto approach indicate that the total expenditures on alcoholic beverages do not Granger cause violent crime in the USA.
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Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)
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