Enhancing Banking Officer's Competency and Data Security Frameworks in Digital Transformation

Abu-Shanab, E., & Matalqa, S. (2015). Security and Fraud Issues of E-banking. International Journal of Computer Networks and Applications, 2(4), 179-188.
ACFE. (2020). 2020-Report-to-the-Nations.
Andersson, P. (2004). Does experience matter in lending? A process-tracing study on experienced loan officers' and novices' decision behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 25(4), 471-492.
Apergis, N. (2024). The role of loan loss provisions in income inequality: Evidence from a sample of banking institutions. Journal of Financial Stability, 73, 101299.
Ashbaugh-Skaife, H., Collins, D. W., Kinney Jr, W. R., & LaFond, R. (2006). The Effect of Internal Control Deficiencies on Firm Risk and Cost of Equity Capital. The Accounting Review, 83(1), 217-250.
Asmah, A. E., Atuilik, W. A., & Ofori, D. (2020). Antecedents and consequences of staff related fraud in the Ghanaian banking industry. Journal of Financial Crime, 27(1), 188-201.
Atkins, B., Dou, Y., Tee, J., Ng, Y., Atkins, B., Dou, Y., Ng, J., & Tee, Y. (2015). Corruption in Bank Lending: The Role of Timely Loan Loss Provisioning. https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soa_research
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Stanford University: General Learning Corporation.
Banna, H., Ahmad, R., & Koh, E. H. (2018). How does total quality management influence the loan quality of the bank?. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 29(3-4), 287-300.
Barac, K., & van Staden, M. (2009). The correlation between perceived internal audit quality and defined corporate governance soundness. African Journal of Business Management, 3(13), 946–958. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM
Bianchi, M. T., & Cosentino, A. (2021). The Impact of Digitalization on the Company Value: A Nonperforming Loan Management Business Application. Intellectual Capital, Smart Technologies and Digitalization: Emerging Issues and Opportunities, 251-259.
Biemans, H., Nieuwenhuis, L., Poell, R., Mulder, M., & Wesselink, R. (2004). Competence-based VET in the Netherlands: Background and pitfalls. Journal of vocational education and training, 56(4), 523-538.
B?aszczy?ski, J., Almeida Filho, A. T., Matuszyk, A., Szel?g, M., & S?owi?ski, R. (2021). Auto loan fraud detection using dominance-based rough set approach versus machine learning methods. Expert Systems with Applications, 163, 113740.
B?aszczy?ski, J., Almeida Filho, A. T., Matuszyk, A., Szel?g, M., & S?owi?ski, R. (2021). Auto loan fraud detection using dominance-based rough set approach versus machine learning methods. Expert Systems with Applications, 163, 113740.
B?aszczy?ski, J., Almeida Filho, A. T., Matuszyk, A., Szel?g, M., & S?owi?ski, R. (2021). Auto loan fraud detection using dominance-based rough set approach versus machine learning methods. Expert Systems with Applications, 163, 113740.
BNM. (2020). Promoting Monetary Stability Our Role.
Bonner, S. E. (1999). Judgment and decision-making research in accounting. Accounting Horizons, 13(4), 385.
Boushnak, E., Rageb, M. A., Ragab, A. A., & Sakr, A. M. (2018). Factors Influencing Credit Decision for Lending SMEs: A Case Study on National Bank of Egypt. OALib, 05(11), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104996
Brown, K., & Moles, P. (2014). Credit Risk Management. http://coursewebsites.ebsglobal.net.
Carabelli, C. (2019, 1 29). Risks of Bank Loan. Retrieved from https://budgeting.thenest.com/chargeoff-mortgage-29688.html:
Carminati, M., Caron, R., Maggi, F., Epifani, I., & Zanero, S. (2015). BankSealer: A decision support system for online banking fraud analysis and investigation. computers & security, 53, 175-186.
Carminati, M., Caron, R., Maggi, F., Epifani, I., & Zanero, S. (2015). BankSealer: A decision support system for online banking fraud analysis and investigation. computers & security, 53, 175-186.
Chang, Y.-T., Chen, H., Cheng, R. K., & Chi, W. (2019). The impact of internal audit attributes on the effectiveness of internal control over operations and compliance. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 15(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2018.11.002
Chen, L., Jia, N., Zhao, H., Kang, Y., Deng, J., & Ma, S. (2022). Refined analysis and a hierarchical multi-task learning approach for loan fraud detection. Journal of Management Science and Engineering, 7(4), 589-607.
Chen, L., Jia, N., Zhao, H., Kang, Y., Deng, J., & Ma, S. (2022). Refined analysis and a hierarchical multi-task learning approach for loan fraud detection. Journal of Management Science and Engineering, 7(4), 589-607.
Chen, L., Jia, N., Zhao, H., Kang, Y., Deng, J., & Ma, S. (2022). Refined analysis and a hierarchical multi-task learning approach for loan fraud detection. Journal of Management Science and Engineering, 7(4), 589-607.
Choi, J. H., Choi, S., Hogan, C. E., & Lee, J. (2013). The Effect of Human Resource Investment in Internal Control on the Disclosure of Internal Control Weaknesses. Auditing, 32(4), 169–199.
COSO. (2013). Internal Control — Integrated Framework. Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
CPE. (2021, July 07). AccountingTools ACCOUNTING CPE COURSES & BOOKS. Retrieved from accountingtools.com : https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/2017/5/13/loan
Dhillon, G., Ahmad, R., Rahman, A., & Ng, Y. M. (2013). The Viability of Enforcement Mechanisms under Money Laundering and Anti?Terrorism Offences in Malaysia. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 16(2), 171–192.
Dorfleitner, G., & Jahnes, H. (2014). What factors drive personal loan fraud? Evidence from Germany. Review of Managerial Science, 8, 89-119.
Edunjobi, T. E., & Odejide, O. A. (2024). Theoretical frameworks in AI for credit risk assessment: Towards banking efficiency and accuracy. International Journal of Scientific Research Updates 2024, 7(01), 092-102.
Edwards, W. (1961). Behavioral Decision Theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 12(1), 473-498.
Erum, N., Yousaf, A., Said, J., Musa, K., & Khan, S. (2024). Examining the impact of corruption and other macro-economic variables on capital accumulation in Pakistan. Management & Accounting Review (MAR), 23(2), 115-142.
Eweoya, I. O., Adebiyi, A. A., Azeta, A. A., & Azeta, A. E. (2019). Fraud prediction in bank loan administration using decision tree. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1299(1), 012037. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1299/1/012037
FATF. (2014). The Banking Sector - Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach. FATF website. (n.d.). Financial Action Task Force (FATF).
FATF. (2014). The Banking Sector - Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach. FATF website. (n.d.). Financial Action Task Force (FATF).
Favarel-Garrigues, G., Godefroy, T., & Lascoumes, P. (2007). Sentinels in the Banking Industry: Private Actors and the Fight against Money Laundering in France. British Journal of Criminology, 48(1), 1–19.
Favarel-Garrigues, G., Godefroy, T., & Lascoumes, P. (2011). Reluctant Partners? Banks in the Fight Against Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing in France. Security Dialogue, 42(2), 179–196.
Fukuyama, H., Matousek, R., & Tzeremes, N. G. (2024). A unified framework for nonperforming loan modeling in bank production: An application of data envelopment analysis. Omega, 126, 103063.
Gamage, C. T., & Lock, K. L., & Fernando, A. A. J. (2014). Effectiveness of internal control system in state commercial banks in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Technology, 1(5), 25–44. https://www.ijsrit. com/uploaded_all_files/1633729483_o2.pdf
Gardi, B., Ali, R., Al-Kake, F., & Majeed Hamawandy, N. (2020). The Effect of Capital Competence on the Profitability of Development and Investment Banks in Turkey. www.solidstatetechnology.us
Goedde-Menke, M., & Ingermann, P. H. (2024). Loan officer specialization and credit defaults. Journal of Banking & Finance, 161, 107077.
Goldman, E., & Scott, A. R. (2016). Competency models for assessing strategic thinking. Journal of Strategy and Management, 9(3), 258–280. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-07-2015-0059
Gottschalk, P. (2014). Characteristics of financial crime investigation reports by fraud examiners. Journal of Investment Compliance, 15(4), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOIC-04-2014-0014
Haleem, A., Low Lock Teng, K., & Abdul Rahman, T. (2018). International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues Impact of User Competency on Accounting Information System Success: Banking Sectors in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 8(6), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.7212
Hamdan, S. L., Jaffar, N., Ab Razak, R., & Salleh, N. M. Z. N. (2017). The Effects of Internal Auditor’s Competency and Whistleblowing Mechanism on Fraud Detection in Malaysia.
Hanif, M. (2015). The Impact of Internal Control Systems On Financial Performance of Banks?: A Case of Banks in Pakistan Department of Management Sciences. Department of Management Sciences, 7(5), 1–29.
Härle, P., Havas, A., Kremer, A., Rona, D., & Samandari, H. (2015). The future of bank risk management McKinsey Working Papers on Risk.
Haron, S., & Shanmugam, B. (1994). Lending to small business in Malaysia. Journal of Small Business Management, 32(4), 88.
Heyrani, F., Vakilifard, H., Banimahd, B., & Roudposhti, F. R. (2015). The Effect of Auditors ’ Social Traits on Their Judgments to Resolve the Conflicts between the Auditor and the Management Based on Selected Traits?: Over-confidence and Machiavellianism Personality. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 5, 186–201.
Hinterseer, K. (2001). The Wolfsberg Anti?Money Laundering Principles. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 5(1), 25-41.
Jin, J., Li, N., Liu, S., & Nainar, S. K. (2023). Cyber attacks, discretionary loan loss provisions, and banks’ earnings management. Finance Research Letters, 54, 103705.
Jin, J., Li, N., Liu, S., & Nainar, S. K. (2023). Cyber attacks, discretionary loan loss provisions, and banks’ earnings management. Finance Research Letters, 54, 103705.
Johari, R. J., Mohd-Sanusi, Z., Mat-Isa, Y., & Ghazali, A. W. (2014). Comparative Judgment of Novice and Expert on Internal Control Tasks: Assessment on Work Effort and Ethical Orientation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 145(August), 352–360.
Johnston, R. B., & Abbott, J. (2005). Placing Bankers in the Front Line. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 8(3), 215–219.
Kalimoldayev, A. M., Mazakova, A. T., Burgegulov, A. D., Sametova, A. A., & Mukhayev, D. K. (2024). Application of Digital Technologies for Ranking Loan Borrowers. In Ecological Footprint of the Modern Economy and the Ways to Reduce It: The Role of Leading Technologies and Responsible Innovations (pp. 105-109). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Kauffeld, S. (2006). Self?directed work groups and team competence. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 79(1), 1-21.
Keerthy, T. & Jacob, N. A. (2014). Competency Assessment of Bank Employees in India. International Journal of Organizational Behaviour and Management Perspectives, 3(3), 1112–1116.
Kelley, H. H. (1967). Attribution Theory in Social Psychology. In Orpen, C. (1980), the Relationship between Expected Job Performance and Causal Attributions of Past Success or Failure. The Journal of Social Psychology, 112(1), 151–152.
Koonce, L., Mongold, C., Quaid, L., & Winchel, J. (2024). Judgments about the Quality of Loans and Loan Originators under Expected versus Incurred Loss Accounting. Available at SSRN 4099729.
Koutoupis, A. G., & Malisiovas, T. (2023). The effects of the internal control system on the risk, profitability, and compliance of the US banking sector: A quantitative approach. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 28(2), 1638-1652.
KPMG. (2019). Gl obal Banki ng Fraud Survey The multi-faceted threat of fraud: Are banks up to the challenge?
Lawler III, E. E. (1994). From job?based to competency?based organizations. Journal of organizational behavior, 15(1), 3-15.
Lipshitz, R., & Shulimovitz, N. (2007). Intuition and emotion in bank loan officers' credit decisions. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 1(2), 212-233.
Lummer, S. L., & McConnell, J. J. (1989). Further evidence on the bank lending process and the capital-market response to bank loan agreements. Journal of financial economics, 25(1), 99-122.
Mala, R., & Chand, P. (2015). Judgment and decision?making research in auditing and accounting: future research implications of person, task, and environment perspective. Accounting Perspectives, 14(1), 1-50.
Mala, R., & Chand, P. (2015). Judgment and decision?making research in auditing and accounting: future research implications of person, task, and environment perspective. Accounting Perspectives, 14(1), 1-50.
Masciandaro, D. (1999). Money laundering: the economics of regulation. European Journal of Law and Economics, 7, 225-240.
Mason, S., & Bohm, N. (2017). Banking and fraud. Computer law & security review, 33(2), 237-241.
Masters, J. L. (2008). Fraud and money laundering: the evolving criminalization of corporate non-compliance. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 11(2), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1108/13685200810867447
Mat-Isa, Y., Mohd-Sanusi, Z., Haniff, M. N., & Barnes, P. A. (2015). Money Laundering Risk: From the Bankers’ and Regulators Perspectives. Procedia Economics and Finance, 28(April), 7–13.
McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for" intelligence.". American psychologist, 28(1), 1.
McClelland, D. C., & Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). Leadership motive pattern and long-term success in management. Journal of Applied psychology, 67(6), 737.
Mcmurray, G. (1995). THE PRACTICAL COMPLIANCE OFFICER?: TECHNICALITY.
Mirabile, R. J. (1997). Everything you wanted to know about competency modeling. Training & development, 51(8), 73-78.
Morekwa Nyamongo, E., & Temesgen, K. (2013). The effect of governance on performance of commercial banks in Kenya: a panel study. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 13(3), 236-248.
Mosier, K. L., & Fischer, U. (2010). The role of affect in naturalistic decision making. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 4(3), 240-255.
Mulder, M. (1999). Competentie ontwikkeling in organisaties.[Competence development in organizations]. Assen: Van Goram.
Nelson, M., & Tan, H. T. (2005). Judgment and decision making research in auditing: A task, person, and interpersonal interaction perspective. Auditing: A journal of practice & theory, 24(s-1), 41-71.
Nobanee, H., & Ellili, N. (2018). Anti-money laundering disclosures and banks’ performance. Journal of Financial Crime, 25(1), 95-108.
Norman, S. M., Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F. (2010). The impact of positivity and transparency on trust in leaders and their perceived effectiveness. The leadership quarterly, 21(3), 350-364.
Noviandy, T. R., Idroes, G. M., & Hardi, I. (2024). Enhancing loan approval decision-making: an interpretable machine learning approach using LightGBM for digital economy development. Malaysian Journal of Computing (MJOC), 9(1), 1734-1745.
Ogunmokun, O. C., Mafimisebi, O., & Obembe, D. (2024). Bank lending behaviour and small enterprise debt financing. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 16(3), 675-697.
Opromolla, G., & Maccarini, M. (2010). The control system in the Italian banking sector: Recent changes in the application of Legislative Decree No. 231 of June 8, 2001. Journal of Investment Compliance, 11(2), 16-22.
Orme, G., & Ashton, C. (2003). Ethics–a foundation competency. Industrial and Commercial Training, 35(5), 184-190.
Pancotto, L., Gwilym, O., & Williams, J. (2024). The evolution and determinants of the non-performing loan burden in Italian banking. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 84, 102306.
Pathak, J. (2005). Risk management, internal controls and organizational vulnerabilities. Managerial Auditing Journal, 20(6), 569–577. https://doi.org/10.1108/02686900510606065
Payne, J. W. (1976). Task Complexity and Contingent Processing in Decision Making: An Information Search and Protocol Analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 366–387.
Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. (1997). 17 The Core Competence of the. Resources, Firms, and Strategies: A Reader in the Resource-based Perspective, 235.
Priska, S., Lestari, P., & Guritno, A. (2021). Factors Affecting the Performance of Islamic Banking Employees (Vol. 1). www.ojk.go.id
PYMNTS. (2020). Deep Dive: Why Teamwork Makes the Dream Work When It Comes to Fraud Prevention. Retrieved 21st June 2021, from https://www.pymnts.com/buy-now-pay-later/2020/new-report-the-role-of-flexible-payment-options-in-bringing-customers-back-into-stores/
Rahman, R. A., & Anwar, I. S. K. (2014). Effectiveness of Fraud Prevention and Detection Techniques in Malaysian Islamic Banks. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 145, 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.06.015
Rehman, Z. U., Muhammad, N., Sarwar, B., & Raz, M. A. (2019). Impact of risk management strategies on the credit risk faced by commercial banks of Balochistan. Financial Innovation, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-019-0159-8
Reinhard, M. A., Dahm, J., & Scharmach, M. (2012). Perceived Experience and Police Officers’ Ability to Detect Deception. Policing an International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 35(4), 822–834.
Ross, S., & Hannan, M. (2007). Money Laundering Regulation and Risk-Based Decision-Making. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 10(1), 106–115.
Sakawa, H., & Watanabel, N. (2022). Accounting frauds and main-bank monitoring in Japanese corporations. Journal of business ethics, 180(2), 605-621.
Sanusi, Z. M., Rameli, M. N. F., & Isa, Y. M. (2015). Fraud schemes in the banking institutions: prevention measures to avoid severe financial loss. Procedia Economics and Finance, 28, 107-113.
Sledgianowski, D., Gomaa, M., & Tan, C. (2017). Toward integration of Big Data, technology and information systems competencies into the accounting curriculum. Journal of Accounting Education, 38, 81-93.
Subbotina, N. (2009). Challenges that Russian Banks Face Implementing the AML Regulations. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 12(1), 19–32.
TARIQ, Q. (2021, April 24). Bank scams increasingly targeting mobile users, says cybersecurity firm. Retrieved from thestar.com.my: https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2021/04/27/bank-scams-increasingly-targeting-mobile-users-says-cybersecurity-firm (accessed 10 September 2021)
Trotman, K. T. (1998). Audit judgment research—Issues addressed, research methods and future directions. Accounting & Finance, 38(2), 115-156.
Usman Kemal, M. (2014). Anti-money laundering regulations and its effectiveness. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 17(4), 416-427.
Wang, H., Guo, C., & Cheng, S. (2019). LoC—A new financial loan management system based on smart contracts. Future Generation Computer Systems, 100, 648-655.
Wei, X., Gotoh, J. Y., & Uryasev, S. (2018). Peer-to-peer lending: Classification in the loan application process. Risks, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/risks6040129
Zakaria, K. M., Nawawi, A., & Salin, A. S. A. P. (2016). Internal controls and fraud – empirical evidence from oil and gas company. Journal of Financial Crime, 23(4), 1154–1168. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-04-2016-0021
Zhan, Q., & Yin, H. (2018). A loan application fraud detection method based on knowledge graph and neural network. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Part F137692, 111–115. https://doi.org/10.1145/3194206.3194208
Zhao, S., Huang, Y., Chen, L., Wang, C., Li, S., Chen, L., & Pan, G. (2023, June). Loan fraud users detection in online lending leveraging multiple data views. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 5428-5436).

Yahya, N., Sanusi, Z. M., Hakimi, N. B., Liton, A. M., Shafie, N. A., & Sari, R. N. (2024). Enhancing Banking Officer’s Competency and Data Security Frameworks in Digital Transformation. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 13(4), 763–779.

Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode