ISSN: 2226-6348
Open access
African cultural heritage continues to attract interest in the contemporary discourses. The study observes that the colonial quest was superficial because it was based on human prejudice. Through the application of phenomenological method, desktop research and interviews, the study investigates on hoko (the rite of male circumcision) among Shangani people as indigenous knowledge systems. The ritual forms are one of the key moments in the rhythmic life of people and constitute a vibrant mark of continuity in African indigenous cultural identity.
Published Sources
Anon. (2008). Manual for Male circumcision under Local Anaesthesia, 2008. Version 2.5.C J.
Bailey, R. (2001). Male circumcision and HIV prevention:current knowledge and future research directions. The LANCET Infection Diseases , 1, Nairobi BMJ.
Bless, C., & Smith, H. (1995). Fundamentals of Social Research methods:An African Perspective. Cape Town:Juta and Co.
Cox, J. (1996). An introduction to the phenomenology of Religion. Gweru:Mambo press.
Fritz, K. E. (2002). The association between alcohol use, sexual risk behavior and HIV infection among men attending beer halls in Harare, Zimbabve. Aids and Behavior, Harare , University of Zimbabve.
Mbiti, J. S. (1991). Introduction to African Religion, Melbourne: Heinemann.
Mahoso, T. (2012). Regime Change Language:Reducing defence of heritage to gimmicks, Viewpoint. The Sunday Mail , Harare, Zimpapers.
National AIDS Council Masvingo Province Second Quarter Narrative Report. (2012). Masvingo: NAC.
Policy, N. M. (2009). Ministry of Health and Child Welfare.
Scott, B. (2005). The acceptability of male circumcision as an HIV prevention among a rural Zulu population, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, AIDS Care,. Pretoria: UNISA.
Szabo, R., & Short, R. (2000). How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection?,. Pretoria: BMJ.
Thorpe, S. (1991). African Traditional Religions: An Introduction. Pretoria: UNISA.
UNAIDS. (2007). 2007Update. Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Geneva.
Turner, V. W. (1967). In Deflem, M., (1991). Ritual, anti-structure and Religion: A Discussion of Victor Turner’s Processual Symbolic Analysis Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30 (1): 1-25.
Internet Websites
Ampim, M., Africana Studies, The Five Major African Initiation Rites, http://www.en.africanastudies.org.htm/2012/06/10
Auvert, B .et al, http:// www.plosmedicine.org/2012/06/12
http//:africanculture-.com/htm/2012/06/12
http://en.assora.org/2012/05/09
http//:kubatana.net/htm/2012/08/19
http://en.karakowsky.com.org/2012/06/05
http://www.en.sangonet.org/2012/07/13
http://www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/circumcision.htm/2012/06/12
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/2012/06/10
UNAIDS 2007 report on Global AIDS epidemic.http://unaids.org/htm/2012/08/20
Interviews
Chauke Thomas 2012/07/22
Hlongwani Denford 2012/07/22
Machukele Gift 2012/07/20
Machukele Lavanani 2012/07/21
Maluleke William 2012/07/20
Mugoyana Khazamula 2012/07/19
Mukakachana Mrs. 2012/07/22
Vamanani Sesithula 2012/07/18
In-Text Citation: (Mandova et al., 2012)
To Cite this Article: Mandova, E., Mutonhori, T., & Mudzanire, S. (2012). An Analysis of HOKO as Indigenous Knowledge Systems. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 1(4), 7–15.
Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode