Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2226-6348

Formative Assessment in Writing in CEFR-aligned Secondary Curriculum: Malaysian Teachers' Practices and Beliefs

Tavamani Thiagarajan, Kim Hua Tan

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v12-i2/17271

Open access

The alignment of the CEFR framework in the Malaysian English curriculum has significantly changed Malaysian English classroom teaching and learning. The new curriculum shifted from emphasising centralised exams to measuring learning progress; hence, formative assessment was introduced. Previous research highlighted a substantial gap between secondary school teachers' understanding and actual formative assessment practises in the classroom. The research also found that writing was the most challenging language to teach and assess in the classroom. This paper seeks to find the practices of formative assessments in writing lessons and explore the teachers' beliefs of formative assessment in their writing lessons. This study involved seven secondary English teachers in Selangor chosen through convenience sampling. Two data collection methods were used: a semi-structured interview and classroom observation and the data were analysed using transcription and content analysis. Results showed a contradiction between teachers' practices and beliefs. The findings revealed that teachers did formative assessments in writing with the summative assessment as their primary target, and the teachers misperceived the formative assessment practices. It was also found that challenges like lack of time, class size, student language proficiency, work burden, and parents' expectations hinder the effective implementation of formative assessment. The study implies effective formative assessment benefits both teachers and students to teach and learn writing skill. Future research could explore students' perspectives of formative assessment in their writing lessons.

Abdallah, M. S. A., & Samsiah, A. (2019). The Effect of Using Peer Assessment Training on Writing Performance among Arab EFL High School Students in Malaysia. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 10(1): 105- 115.
Alias, M. D. I. M., Raof, A. H. A., & Abdullah, T. (2021). Teaching CEFR-aligned Writing to Young Learners: Practices and Voices of Teachers. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 29(S3), 351 – 368.
Alih, N. A. C., Raof, A. H. A., & Yusof, M. A. M. (2021). Policy Change Implementation: The Case of the CEFR in Malaysian ESL Classrooms. Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 6(2), 296-317.
Alih, N. A. C., Yusoff, M. A. M., & Abdul, A. H. (2020). Teachers' Knowledge and Belief on the CEFR Implementation in Malaysian ESL Classroom. Educational Research (IJMCER), 2(5), 126-134.
Andrade, H. L., Bennett, R. E., & Cizek, G. J. (2019). Handbook of FA in the Disciplines. New York: Routledge.
Aziz, M. N. A., & Yusoff, N. M. (2018). Experiences of using Authentic Assessment with English Language Young Learners. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(9), 375–384.
Black, P. J., & Wiliam, D. (2018). Classroom assessment and pedagogy. Assessment In Education, 25(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2018.1441807.
Borg, S. (2017). Teachers' Beliefs and Classroom Practices. In Garrett, P., & Cots, J.M. (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Language Awareness (pp.75-91). London: Routledge.
Cagasan, L., Care, E., Robertson, P., & Luo, R. (2020). Developing a FA Protocol to Examine FA Practices in the Philippines. Educational Assessment, 25(4), 259-275.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017). Research Methods in Education (8th Ed.). New York: Routledge.
ole, J., & Feng, J. (2015). Effective Strategies for Improving Writing Skills of Elementary English Language Learners. Chinese American Educational Research and Development Association Annual Conference, Chicago. 15-16 April.
Crusan, D., Plakans, L., & Gebril, A. (2016). Writing assessment literacy: Surveying second language teachers' knowledge, beliefs, and practices. Assessing Writing, 28, 43-56.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). 2018. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. 5th Ed. California: SAGE Publications Inc.
Englishprofile (2015). The CEFR. Available on: https://www.englishprofile.org/the-cefr#:~:text=The%20CEFR%20describes%20what%20learners,detailed%20'Can%20Do'%20statements (accessed June 2022).
Flick, U. (2018). Designing Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications.
Foley, J. A. (2019). Issues on Assessment using CEFR in the Region. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network Journal, 12 (2), 28-48.
Heritage, M. (2021). FA: Making It Happen in the Classroom. California: SAGE Publications.
Javadi-Safa, A. (2018). A Brief Overview of Key Issues in Second Language Writing Teaching and Research. International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies, 6(2), 15-25.
Jee, S., and Azlina, A. (2021) The Application of the Process-Based Writing Approach in Composing an Argumentative Essay: A Case Study of a Suburban Secondary School of Mukah District in Sarawak. Creative Education, 12, 880-896.
Johansson, E., & Nadjafi, F. (2022). FA of Writing: Practice and Perception Among English Teachers in Sweden (Dissertation). Available on: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-53586 (accessed December 2022).
Jonglai, S. A., Pike, M., & Lamb, M. (2021). FA: The Malaysian English Language Primary School Teachers' Pedagogical Beliefs and Values. International Journal of English Language Studies, 3(4), 52-66.
Kagan, S. (2009). Kagan Structures: A Miracle of Active Engagement. Available on: https://www.kaganonline.com/free_articles/dr_spencer_kagan/281/Kagan-Structures-A-Miracle-of-Active-Engagement (accessed December 2022).
Kaur, P., & Mah, Z. J. (2022). The CEFR-Aligned Curriculum: Perspectives of Malaysian Teachers. Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, 4(1), 138-145.
Leavy, P. (2017). Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, Arts-Based, and Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches. New York: Guilford Publications.
Lydia, E., & Hanita H. I. (2021). Incorporating Reading in Writing Classes and Its Effects on ESL Learners' Writing. Creative Education, 12, 1949-1962.
Ministry of Education. (2013). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025. Putrajaya: MOE
Marzaini, A. F. B. M., & Yusoff, S. B. M. (2022). Assessing CEFR-Readiness Test in Malaysian ESL Classroom: An Insight from English Language Teachers in Pulau Pinang. Asian Journal of Assessment in Teaching and Learning, 12(1), 1-9.
McGoldrick, K. (2021). Think-Pair-Share: Analysing changes in supply & demand and predicting impacts on equilibrium. Available on: https://serc.carleton.edu/econ /cooperative/examples/61511.html (accessed June 2022).
Mohd, H. M. J., & Abu, B. R. (2019). Using Self-Assessment as a Tool for English Language Learning. English Language Teaching, 12 (11), 64-73.
Moss, C. M., & Brookhart, S. M. (2019). Advancing FA in Every Classroom: A Guide for Instructional Leaders. Alexandria: ASCD
Mudin, V.F. (2019). An Investigation into English Teachers' Understandings and Practices of FA in the Malaysian Primary ESL Classroom: Three Case Studies [PhD thesis]. School of Education and Lifelong Learning, University of East Anglia.
Nawawi, N. M., Zuhaimi, N., Sabu, K., Mahamud, N. S. R., & Nasir, N. A. M. (2021). CEFR for Languages and Its Effective Implementation in Secondary Schools in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Assessment in Teaching and Learning, 11(1), 63-72.
Nguyen, T. H., & Truong, A. T. (2021). EFL Teachers' Perceptions of Classroom Writing Assessment at High Schools in Central Vietnam. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 11(10),1187-1196.
Noor, A. A. L., Aini, A. M. K., & Saidatul, A. Z. A. (2021). A review of the CEFR-aligned implementation in Malaysia and other countries [E-Proceedings]. International Conference on Language, Education, Humanities & Social Sciences, 556-567.
Noor, A. A. L., & Aini, A. M. K. (2019). Implementation Of CEFR-Aligned Assessment Tools in Malaysian ESL Classroom. Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences, 4(2),7-10.
Noor, D. S., Maslawati, M., Wee, W. N., & Melor, M. Y. (2018). Writing the WhatsApp Way!. International Journal of Innovative Research and Creative Technology, 4.
Norshaidatul, M. N., Natasha, Z., Khairunisa, S., Nur S. R. M., & Nur, A. M. N. (2021). CEFR for Languages and Its Effective Implementation in Secondary Schools in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Assessment in Teaching and Learning, 11(1), 63-72.
Nurul, F. M. U., & Mohd, S. A. A. (2018). Implementation of CEFR in Malaysia: Teachers' awareness and the challenges. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 24(3), 168-183.
Office of Economic Co-operation and Development. (2005). FA: Improving learning in secondary classrooms. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Plaindaren, C., & Parilah, M. S. (2019) A Study on the Effectiveness of Written Feedback in Writing Tasks among Upper Secondary School Pupils. Creative Education, 10, 3491-3508.
Moses, R. N., & Mohamad, M. (2019) Challenges Faced by Students and Teachers on Writing Skills in ESL Contexts: A Literature Review. Creative Education, 10, 3385-3391.
Rahman, K. A., Hasan, M. K., Namaziandost, E., & Ibna Seraj, P. M. (2021). Implementing A FA Model at The Secondary Schools: Attitudes and Challenges. Language Testing in Asia, 11(1), 1-18.
Rashid, M. H., Ye, T., Hui, W., Li, W., & Shunting, W. (2021). Analyse And Challenges of Teaching Writing Among The English Teachers. Linguistics and Culture Review, 6(S2), 199-209.
Rohaya, T., Mohd Z. K., Hamimah, A. N., & Adibah A. L. (2014). From Principle to Practice: Assessment for Learning in Malaysian School-based Assessment Classroom. International Journal of Social Sciences & Education, 4(4), 850 – 857.
Ruslin, R., Mashuri, S., Rasak, M. S. A., Alhabsyi, F., & Syam, H. (2022). Semi-Structured Interview: A Methodological Reflection on The Development of A Qualitative Research Instrument in Educational Studies. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), 12(1), 22-29.
Saravanan, P., & Azlina, A. A. (2021). Systematic Review: Challenges in Teaching Writing Skills for Upper Secondary in ESL Classrooms and Suggestions to Overcome Them. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(4), 262 – 275.
Savski, K. (2020). Local Problems and A Global Solution: Examining the Recontextualization Of CEFR In Thai and Malaysian Language Policies. Language Policy, 19(4), 527-547.
Sidhu, G. K., Kaur, S., & Lee, J. C. (2018). CEFR-Aligned School-Based Assessment in The Malaysian Primary ESL Classroom. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8(2), 452-463.
Sufi, M. K. A., & Stapa, M. (2020). Should the CEFR illustrative scales be localised to Malaysian higher education standards? [A conceptual paper]. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(9), 885-897.
Suhaimi, N. D., Mohamad, M., & Yamat, H. B. (2019). The Effects of WhatsApp in Teaching Narrative Writing: A Case Study. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(4), 590-602.
Thiviyaa, M., & Parilah, M. S. (2020). Students' Perception and Preferences on Teachers' Written Feedback in ESL Writing. International Journal of New Technology and Research (IJNTR), 6(12), 55-61.
Uri, N. F. M., & Abd Aziz, M. S. (2018). Implementation of CEFR in Malaysia: Teachers' Awareness and the Challenges. 3L, Language, Linguistics, Literature, 24(3), 168 – 183.
Vassiliou, S., Papadima-Sophocleous, S., & Giannikas, C. N. (2022). Formative assessment in second language learning: a systematic review and an annotated bibliography. Voillans: Research-publishing.net.
Wafa, Z. (2016). Teachers' Beliefs and Classroom Practices of English Teaching (A Case Study At Mts N Jeketro) [PhD. thesis]. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. 6th Ed. California: SAGE Publications Inc
Zaki, A. W., & Darmi, R. B. (2021). The Implementation Of CEFR In ESL Learning: Why Does It Matter To The Malaysian Education System? Asian Journal of Assessment in Teaching and Learning, 11(2), 1–13.
Zhang, C., Yan, X., & Wang, J. (2021). EFL Teachers' Online Assessment Practices During The COVID-19 Pandemic: Changes and Mediating Factors. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 30(6), 499-507.
Zou, S., & Zhang, W. (2017). Exploring The Adaptability of The CEFR In the Construction Of A Writing Ability Scale For Test For English Majors. Language Testing in Asia, 7(1), 1-16.

In-Text Citation: (Thiagarajan & Hua, 2023)
To Cite this Article: Thiagarajan, T., & Hua, T. K. (2023). Formative Assessment in Writing in CEFR-aligned Secondary Curriculum: Malaysian Teachers’ Practices and Beliefs. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(2), 1282–1297.