Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2226-6348

A Conceptual Paper: Career Self-Efficacy as The Role of Career Transition Programme for Students on the Autism Spectrum in Malaysia

Mohd Syazwan Zainal

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v12-i3/18114

Open access

The autism spectrum is a lifelong disability. Despite the condition, young adults with autism spectrum disorder are those with good intellectual ability who are enrolled in university. However, the transition to work remains challenging for many of them. They face various issues, from the aspect of preparation to their career, as well as the challenges of being on the job. However, support for the transition to work at the university is sparse, and still less attention is given to it. One perspective that we sought to put forward in this paper is the importance of improving career self-efficacy among students on the autism spectrum in universities. Career self-efficacy is defined as an individual's confidence in managing and performing cognitive, behavioural, and social skills to accomplish the desired career goal. Career self-efficacy is seen as a critical component in easing their transition to work. By paying attention to improving individual career self-efficacy, it is seen as being able to improve the job landscape among students. It is further reinforced that sources of career self-efficacy are also important components of improving career self-efficacy. This conceptual paper also discusses the employment issues faced, how Malaysia can move forward, and how career self-efficacy is seen as an important component in preparing autistic students for the job market.

Ahn, H. S., Bong, M., & Kim, S. il. (2017). Social models in the cognitive appraisal of self-efficacy information. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 48, 149–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.08.002
Albright, J., Kulok, S., & Scarpa, A. (2020). A qualitative analysis of employer perspectives on the hiring and employment of adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 53(2), 167–182. https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-201094
Alcañiz, M., & Solé-Auró, A. (2018). Feeling good in old age: Factors explaining health-related quality of life. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-018-0877-z
Ames, M. E., McMorris, C. A., Alli, L. N., & Bebko, J. M. (2016). Overview and Evaluation of a Mentorship Program for University Students with ASD. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 31(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088357615583465
Andrews, L. M., Bullock-Yowell, E., Dahlen, E. R., & Nicholson, B. C. (2014). Can perfectionism affect career development? Exploring career thoughts and self-efficacy. Journal of Counseling and Development, 92(3), 270–279. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00155.x
APA. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). In American Psychiatric Publishing (5th Editio). American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203772287-23
Arnett, J. J. (2016). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties (C. Carlin, Ed.; 2nd Editio). Oxford University Press.
Autism Speaks. (2020). No Title. https://www.autismspeaks.org/
Baldwin, S., Costley, D., & Warren, A. (2014). Employment activities and experiences of adults with high-functioning autism and asperger’s disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2440–2449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2112-z
Bandura, A., Vittorio, G., Pastorelli, C., & Barbaranelli, C. (2001). Self-Efficacy Beliefs as Shapers of Children?? s Aspirations and Career Trajectories. Child Development, 72(1), 187–206.
Barneveld, P. S., Swaab, H., Fagel, S., Van Engeland, H., & De Sonneville, L. M. J. (2014). Quality of life: A case-controlled long-term follow-up study, comparing young high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorders with adults with other psychiatric disorders diagnosed in childhood. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(2), 302–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.08.001
Bennett, A. E., Miller, J. S., Stollon, N., Prasad, R., Blum, N. J., & Bennett, A. E. (2018). Autism Spectrum Disorder and Transition-Aged Youth. 1–9.
Cai, R. Y., & Richdale, A. L. (2016). Educational Experiences and Needs of Higher Education Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(1), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2535-1
Cashin, A., Buckley, T., Trollor, J. N., & Lennox, N. (2016). A scoping review of what is known of the physical health of adults with autism spectrum disorder. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629516665242
Chan, C. C. (2020). Social support, career beliefs, and career self-efficacy in determination of Taiwanese college athletes’ career development. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 26(September), 100232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2019.100232
Chen, J. L., Leader, G., Sung, C., & Leahy, M. (2015). Trends in Employment for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Review of the Research Literature. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-014-0041-6
Chiang, H. M., Cheung, Y. K., Li, H., & Tsai, L. Y. (2013). Factors associated with participation in employment for high school leavers with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(8), 1832–1842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1734-2
Farley, M., Cottle, K. J., Bilder, D., Viskochil, J., Coon, H., & McMahon, W. (2018). Mid-life social outcomes for a population-based sample of adults with ASD. Autism Research, 11(1), 142–152. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1897
Flower, R. L., Hedley, D., Spoor, J. R., & Dissanayake, C. (2019). An alternative pathway to employment for autistic job-seekers: a case study of a training and assessment program targeted to autistic job candidates. Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 71(3), 407–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2019.1636846
Fouad, N., Cotter, E. W., & Kantamneni, N. (2009). The effectiveness of a career decision-making course. Journal of Career Assessment, 17(3), 338–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072708330678
Gelbar, N. W., Smith, I., & Reichow, B. (2014). Systematic review of articles describing experience and supports of individuals with autism enrolled in college and university programs. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2593–2601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2135-5
Griffiths, A.-J., Giannantonio, C. M., Hurley-Hanson, A. E., & Cardinal, D. N. (2016). Autism in the Workplace: Assessing the transition needs of young adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Business and Management, 22(1), 5–22. https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/education_articles
Gurbuz, E., Hanley, M., & Riby, D. M. (2018). University Students with Autism: The Social and Academic Experiences of University in the UK. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(2), 617–631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3741-4
Hedley, D., Uljarevic, M., Cameron, L., Halder, S., Richdale, A., & Dissanayake, C. (2017). Employment programmes and interventions targeting adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Autism, 21(8), 929–941. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316661855
Heijst, B. F. C. Van, & Geurts, H. M. (2015). Quality of life in autism across the lifespan?: A meta-analysis. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313517053
Hoekstra, R. A., Bartels, M., Verweij, C. J. H., & Boomsma, D. I. (2007). Heritability of autistic traits in the general population. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161(4), 372–377. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.161.4.372
Hotez, E., Shane-Simpson, C., Obeid, R., DeNigris, D., Siller, M., Costikas, C., Pickens, J., Massa, A., Giannola, M., D’Onofrio, J., & Gillespie-Lynch, K. (2018). Designing a summer transition program for incoming and current college students on the autism spectrum: A participatory approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(FEB). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00046
Jackson, S. L. J., Hart, L., Brown, J. T., & Volkmar, F. R. (2018). Brief Report: Self-Reported Academic, Social, and Mental Health Experiences of Post-Secondary Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(3), 643–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3315-x
Jackson, S. L. J., Hart, L., & Volkmar, F. R. (2018). Preface: Special Issue—College Experiences for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(3), 639–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3463-7
Jetha, A., Bowring, J., Furrie, A., Smith, F., & Breslin, C. (2019). Supporting the Transition into Employment: A Study of Canadian Young Adults Living with Disabilities. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 29(1), 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-018-9772-z
Kezar, A., Hypolite, L., & Kitchen, J. A. (2020). Career Self-Efficacy: A Mixed-Methods Study of an Underexplored Research Area for First-Generation, Low-Income, and Underrepresented College Students in a Comprehensive College Transition Program. American Behavioral Scientist, 64(3), 298–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219869409
Kirby, A. V., Baranek, G. T., & Fox, L. (2016). Longitudinal predictors of outcomes for adults with autism spectrum disorder: Systematic review. OTJR Occupation, Participation and Health, 36(2), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/1539449216650182
Komarraju, M., Swanson, J., & Nadler, D. (2014). Increased Career Self-Efficacy Predicts College Students’ Motivation, and Course and Major Satisfaction. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(3), 420–432. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713498484
Lam, M., & Santos, A. (2018). The Impact of a College Career Intervention Program on Career Decision Self-Efficacy, Career Indecision, and Decision-Making Difficulties. Journal of Career Assessment, 26(3), 425–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072717714539
Lei, J., Calley, S., Brosnan, M., Ashwin, C., & Russell, A. (2020). Evaluation of a Transition to University Programme for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(7), 2397–2411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3776-6
Lent, R., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying scct and academic interest, choice and performance. In Journal of Vocational Behavior (Vol. 45, pp. 79–122).
Lorenz, T., Frischling, C., Cuadros, R., & Heinitz, K. (2016). Autism and overcoming job barriers: Comparing job-related barriers and possible solutions in and outside of autism-specific employment. PLoS ONE, 11(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147040
Madriaga, M., Hanson, K., Heaton, C., Kay, H., Newitt, S., & Walker, A. (2010). Confronting similar challenges? disabled and non-disabled students’ learning and assessment experiences. Studies in Higher Education, 35(6), 647–658. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070903222633
Mahmud, M. I., Kee, C. P., Othman, Z., & Amat, S. (2020). Career Self-Efficacy among Undergraduate Student in a Public University. 90(3), 167–175.
Mahmud, M. I., Noah, S. M., Jaafar, W. M. W., Bakar, A. Y. A., & Amat, S. (2019). The career readiness construct between dysfunctional career thinking and career self-efficacy among undergraduate students. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 14(Special Issue on ICEES2018), 74–81.
Mahmud, M. I., Xiong, T. Y., Rosli, N. N., Kee, C. P., Othman, Z., Amat, S., & Abu Bakar, A. Y. (2020). EFFECTIVENESS OF JOB READINESS COURSE ON CAREER SELF- EFFICACY BETWEEN TWO GROUPS OF UNDERGRADUATES. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt / Egyptology, 17(3).
Palmer, C. J., Paton, B., Enticott, P. G., & Hohwy, J. (2015). ‘Subtypes’ in the Presentation of Autistic Traits in the General Adult Population. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(5), 1291–1301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2289-1
Pearlman-Avnion, S., & Aloni, A. A. (2016). The Impact Of A Post-Secondary Education Program On The Self-Efficacy And Future Orientation Of People With High-Functioning Autism. European Scientific Journal, JULY 2016(Special Edition), 251–268.
http://search.proquest.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/central/docview/1805821109/abstract/3ADE548860A347DDPQ/67%5Cnhttp://files/251/out-3.pdf
Robinson, E. B., Munir, K., Munaf, M. R., Hughes, M., McCormick, M. C., & Koenen, K. C. (2011). Stability of autistic traits in the general population: Further evidence for a continuum of impairment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(4), 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.005
Robinson, E. B., St Pourcain, B., Anttila, V., Kosmicki, J. A., Bulik-Sullivan, B., Grove, J., Maller, J., Samocha, K. E., Sanders, S. J., Ripke, S., Martin, J., Hollegaard, M. V., Werge, T., Hougaard, D. M., Neale, B. M., Evans, D. M., Skuse, D., Mortensen, P. B., BØrglum, A. D., … Daly, M. J. (2016). Genetic risk for autism spectrum disorders and neuropsychiatric variation in the general population. Nature Genetics, 48(5), 552–555. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3529
Roux, A. M., Shattuck, P. T., Cooper, B. P., Anderson, K. A., Wagner, M., & Narendorf, S. C. (2013). Postsecondary employment experiences among young adults with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(9), 931–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.019
Scott, M., Falkmer, M., Falkmer, T., & Girdler, S. (2018). Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Autism-Specific Workplace Tool for Employers: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(10), 3377–3392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3611-0
Shattuck, P. T., Narendorf, S. C., Cooper, B., Sterzing, P. R., Wagner, M., & Taylor, J. L. (2012). Postsecondary education and employment among youth with an autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 129(6), 1042–1049. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2864
Sidiropoulou-Dimakakou, D., Mylonas, K., Argyropoulou, K., & Tampouri, S. (2012). Career Decision-making Difficulties, Dysfunctional Thinking and Generalized Self-Efficacy of University Students in Greece. World Journal of Education, 2(1), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.5430/wje.v2n1p117
Solomon, C. (2020). Autism and Employment: Implications for Employers and Adults with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04537-w
Sosnowy, C., Silverman, C., Shattuck, P., & Garfield, T. (2019). Setbacks and Successes: How Young Adults on the Autism Spectrum Seek Friendship. Autism in Adulthood, 1(1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2018.0009
Vincent, J. (2019). It’s the fear of the unknown: Transition from higher education for young autistic adults. Autism, 23(6), 1575–1585. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318822498
Vincent, J., & Fabri, M. (2022). The Ecosystem of Competitive Employment for University Graduates with Autism. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 69(5), 1823–1839. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2020.1821874
Vincent, J., Potts, M., Fletcher, D., Hodges, S., Howells, J., Mitchell, A., Mallon, B., & Ledger, T. (2017). ‘I think autism is like running on Windows while everyone else is a Mac’: using a participatory action research approach with students on the autistic spectrum to rearticulate autism and the lived experience of university. Educational Action Research, 25(2), 300–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2016.1153978
Vincent, J., Rowe, H., & Johnson, J. (2022). Parity of participation for autistic students: Mapping provision across UK higher education institutions. Research in Education, 112(1), 20–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034523720981123
Waisman-Nitzan, M., Gal, E., & Schreuer, N. (2019). Employers’ perspectives regarding reasonable accommodations for employees with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Management and Organization, 25(4), 481–498. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.59
Walsh, L., Lydon, S., & Healy, O. (2014). Employment and Vocational Skills Among Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Predictors, Impact, and Interventions. In Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (Vol. 1, Issue 4, pp. 266–275). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-014-0024-7
Ward, D., & Webster, A. (2018). Understanding the Lived Experiences of University Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Phenomenological Study. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 65(4), 373–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2017.1403573
Wehman, P., Schall, C., Carr, S., Targett, P., West, M., & Cifu, G. (2014). Transition From School to Adulthood for Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder?: What We Know and What We Need to Know. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207313518071
Wehman, P., Taylor, J., Brooke, V., Avellone, L., Whittenburg, H., Ham, W., Brooke, A. M., & Carr, S. (2018). Toward Competitive Employment for Persons with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: What Progress Have We Made and Where Do We Need to Go. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 43(3), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1540796918777730
Wei, X., Yu, J. W., Wagner, M., Hudson, L., Roux, A. M., Shattuck, P., & Blackorby, J. (2018). Job searching, job duration, and job loss among young adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 48(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-170922
Westbrook, J. D., Fong, C. J., Nye, C., Williams, A., Wendt, O., & Cortopassi, T. (2013). Pre?Graduation Transition Services for Improving Employment Outcomes among Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 9(1), 1–70. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2013.11
White, S. W., Elias, R., Salinas, C. E., Capriola, N., Conner, C. M., Asselin, S. B., Miyazaki, Y., Mazefsky, C. A., Howlin, P., & Getzel, E. E. (2016). Students with autism spectrum disorder in college: Results from a preliminary mixed methods needs analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 56, 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.05.010
White, S. W., Ollendick, T. H., & Bray, B. C. (2011). College students on the autism spectrum: Prevalence and associated problems. Autism, 15(6), 683–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361310393363

In-Text Citation: (Zainal, 2023)
To Cite this Article: Zainal, M. S. (2023). A Conceptual Paper: Career Self-Efficacy as The Role of Career Transition Programme for Students on the Autism Spectrum in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 12(3), 1–12.