Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2226-6348

The Relationship Between Volunteering Motives And Wellness Among Volunteers Of Higher Education Institution Sports Tournament (Sukipt 2022)

Nur Alissa Mahmood, Wan Ahmad Munsif Wan Pa

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v12-i4/19453

Open access

Volunteers contribute to sport's social and economic value, particularly at the grassroots level, and by assisting in the organisation of major sporting events. Volunteers can supply the most basic of labour while also serving as a valuable source of expertise for organisations. Volunteering in sports also can be a great way to give back to the community and feel like they have accomplished something. One's sense of personal fulfilment and general well-being can be greatly increased by realising that their efforts directly help others and create a happier and healthier community. This study investigates the connection between volunteerism's motivations and participants' wellness. It involved 302 volunteers aged 18-30, 105 male and 197 female, participating in a Higher Education Institution Sport Tournament (SUKIPT 2022). The Self-Determination Theory, Theory of Planned Behaviour, and The Six Dimension of Wellness Model approaches were utilised to assess volunteers' motivations and wellness using a questionnaire modified from the Volunteer Functions Inventory and Perceived Wellness Survey. The research found that understanding was the primary motivation for involvement, with social well-being being the primary aspect of overall wellbeing. The study also revealed a significant difference in motivation for participation between male and female participants. The findings are significant as they help organizations understand volunteers' needs and personal growth, attracting and retaining future volunteers and ensuring the success of sporting events.

AbouAssi, K. (2021). Does Gender Congruence Make a Difference in Female Members’ Volunteering Behaviors? Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs, 7(2), 264–282. https://doi.org/10.20899/jpna.7.2.264-282
Adams, T., Bezner, J., & Steinhardt, M. (1997). The Conceptualization and Measurement of Perceived Wellness: Integrating Balance across and within Dimensions. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(3), 208–218. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-11.3.208
Ajzen, I. (2020). The Theory of Planned Behavior: Frequently Asked Questions. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(4), 314–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.195
Al Awar, S., Khair, H., Osman, N., Ucenic, T.-E., Sallam, G., Maki, S., & Ganesh, A. (2022). Perceived Wellness Measured by the National Wellness Institute’s Wellness Focus Survey Tool among Women in Al Ain, UAE: A Sentinel Study. International Journal Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases, 12(4), 282–190.
Appau, S., & Awaworyi Churchill, S. (2019). Charity, Volunteering Type and Subjective Wellbeing. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 30(5), 1118–1132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-018-0009-8
Appau, S., Churchill, S. A., & Farrell, L. (2019). Social Integration and Subjective Wellbeing. Applied Economics, 51(16), 1748–1761.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1528340
Balashov, E., Pasichnyk, I., Kalamazh, R., Dovhaliuk, T., & Cicognani, E. (2018). Psychological, Emotional, and Social Wellbeing and Volunteering. A Study on Italian and Ukrainian University Student. Youth Voice Journal, 8.
Bhavsar, N., Bartholomew, K. J., Quested, E., Gucciardi, D. F., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Reeve, J., Sarrazin, P., & Ntoumanis, N. (2020). Measuring Psychological Need States in Sport: Theoretical Considerations and A New Measure. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 47, 101617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101617
Bowe, M., Gray, D., Stevenson, C., McNamara, N., Wakefield, J. R. H., Kellezi, B., Wilson, I., Cleveland, M., Mair, E., Halder, M., & Costa, S. (2020). A Social Cure in The Community: A Mixed-method Exploration of The Role of Social Identity in The Experiences and Well-being of Community Volunteers. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(7), 1523–1539. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2706
Brown, K. M., Hoye, R., & Nicholson, M. (2012). Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, and Social Connectedness as Mediators of the Relationship Between Volunteering and Well-Being. Journal of Social Service Research, 38(4), 468–483.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2012.687706
Cadesky, J., Baillie Smith, M., & Thomas, N. (2019). The Gendered Experiences of Local Volunteers in Conflicts and Emergencies. Gender & Development, 27(2), 371–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2019.1615286
Chacón, F., Gutiérrez, G., Sauto, V., Vecina, M. L., & Pérez, A. (2017). The Volunteer Role Inventory: A Systematic Review. Psicothema, 29(3), 306–316.
https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.371
Chew, S. S., & Pyun, D. Y. (2015). Volunteer Motivations in Sport: Gender Differences among College Students in Singapore. Asian Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 3(2), 65–80.
Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., & Miene, P. (1998). Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1516–1530. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1516
Clifft, R. L. (2020). Volunteerism and Its Effect on Emotional Well-being in College Students. The University of Tennessee.
Cousineau, L. S., & Misener, K. (2019). Volunteering as Meaning-Making in the Transition to Retirement. Canadian Journal of Nonprofit and Social Economy, 10(1), 61–77.
Downward, P., Hallmann, K., & Rasciute, S. (2020). Volunteering and Leisure Activity in the United Kingdom: A Longitudinal Analysis of Males and Females. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 49(4), 757–775. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764020901815
Emad, F., Ali, S. M., & Sardar, H. (2018). Impact of Motivation Behind Volunteerism on Satisfaction with Life among University Students. Peshawar Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences (PJPBS), 3(2), 175–187.
https://doi.org/10.32879/pjpbs.2017.3.2.175-187
Faranadia, A., Bukhari, W. M. Y., Kamal, M. Y., Normala, R., Lukman, Z. M., & Azlini, C. (2018). Understanding and Assessing the Motivation Factors of University Students ? Involvement in Volunteerism. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), II(Xii), 49–53.
Freimuth, H., & Dobson, J. (2021). Does Volunteering in a Language Learning Centre Help Non-Native English Speaking Students’ Emotional Well-Being? International Journal of TESOL Studies. https://doi.org/10.46451/ijts.2021.12.09
Geng, Y., Chen, Y., Huang, C., Tan, Y., Zhang, C., & Zhu, S. (2022). Volunteering, Charitable Donation, and Psychological Well-Being of College Students in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(January), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.790528
Gil-Lacruz, M., Saz-Gil, M. I., & Gil-Lacruz, A. I. (2019). Benefits of Older Volunteering on Wellbeing: An International Comparison. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02647
Graham, K., Fisher, G., & Davalos, D. (2018). Volunteerism in Older Adulthood: Understanding the Factors Associated with Well-being. Innovation in Aging, 2(suppl_1), 284–284. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igy023.1049
Güntert, S. T., Strubel, I. T., Kals, E., & Wehner, T. (2016). The quality of volunteers motives: Integrating the functional approach and self-determination theory. Journal of Social Psychology, 156(3), 310–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2015.1135864
Güntert, S. T., Wehner, T., & Mieg, H. A. (2022a). Organizational, Motivational, and Cultural Contexts of Volunteering. Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92817-9
Güntert, S. T., Wehner, T., & Mieg, H. A. (2022b). Volunteer Work as a Matter of Motivation (pp. 11–18). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92817-9_2
Haller, M., & Hadler, M. (2006). How Social Relations and Structures can Produce Happiness and Unhappiness: An International Comparative Analysis. Social Indicators Research, 75(2), 169–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-6297-y
Hallmann, K. (2015). Modelling The Decision to Volunteer in Organised Sports. Sport Management Review, 18(3), 448–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.12.003
Hansen, T., Aartsen, M., Slagsvold, B., & Deindl, C. (2018). Dynamics of Volunteering and Life Satisfaction in Midlife and Old Age: Findings from 12 European Countries. Social Sciences, 7(5), 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7050078
Han, S. H., Kim, K., & Burr, J. A. (2018). Stress-buffering Effects of Volunteering on Salivary Cortisol: Results from A Daily Diary Study. Social Science & Medicine, 201, 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.02.011
Hassan, D., & Harding, C. (2018). Motorsport Volunteerism: A Form of Social Contract? Sport in Society, 21(5), 815–832. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2018.1400765
Hayton, J. W., & Blundell, M. (2020). Exploring the relationship between social class and sport event volunteering. Sport Management Review, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2020.06.002
Held, M. L., & Lee, S. (2020). Relationship Between Volunteering and Perceived General Health of Individuals with Serious Mental Illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 56(2), 348–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00475-9
Hodgkin, S., Warburton, J., & Hancock, S. (2018). Predicting Wellness Among Rural Older Australians: A Cross-sectional Study. Rural and Remote Health.
https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH4547
Huang, L. H. (2019). Well-being and Volunteering: Evidence from Aging Societies in Asia. Social Science and Medicine, 229, 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.004
Idris, F., Latiff, R. A., Ya, A., Wahi, W., & Othman, Z. (2019). Volunteerism in International Sports Events?: Volunteers ’ Level of Knowledge As an Influencing Factor in Kl 2017 Sea Games. 10(07), 162–174.
Jopling, K., & Jones, D. (2018). Age-Friendly and Inclusive Volunteering: Review of Community Contributions in Later Life. Centre for Ageing Better.
Kim, E. (2017). An Investigation of Volunteer Motivation and Psychological Contract for the Effective Management of Sport Event Volunteers.
Kim, E., Fredline, L., & Cuskelly, G. (2018). Heterogeneity of Sport Event Volunteer Motivations: A Segmentation Approach. Tourism Management, 68(July 2017), 375–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.04.004
Kim, E. S., Whillans, A. V., Lee, M. T., Chen, Y., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2020). Volunteering and Subsequent Health and Well-Being in Older Adults: An Outcome-Wide Longitudinal Approach. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 59(2), 176–186.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.03.004
Kramer, M. W., Austin, J. T., & Hansen, G. J. (2021). Toward a Model of the Influence of Motivation and Communication on Volunteering: Expanding Self-Determination Theory. Management Communication Quarterly, 35(4), 572–601.
https://doi.org/10.1177/08933189211023993
Kulik, L., Bar, R., & Dolev, A. (2016). Gender Differences in Emergency Volunteering. Journal of Community Psychology, 44(6), 695–713. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21795
Lachance, E. L. (2021). COVID-19 and its Impact on Volunteering: Moving Towards Virtual Volunteering. Leisure Sciences, 43(1–2), 104–110.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1773990
Lawton, R. N., Gramatki, I., Watt, W., & Fujiwara, D. (2021). Does Volunteering Make Us Happier, or Are Happier People More Likely to Volunteer? Addressing the Problem of Reverse Causality When Estimating the Wellbeing Impacts of Volunteering. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(2), 599–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00242-8
Lee, O. C., Yusof, A., Geok, S. K., & Omar, Z. (2017). Volunteerism, Organizational Justice and Organizational Commitment: The Case of Sport Coaches in Malaysian Schools. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(7). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v7-i7/3109
Lee, Y., & Kim, M. (2018). Serious Leisure Characteristics of Older Adult Volunteers: The Case of An International Sporting Event. World Leisure Journal, 60(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2017.1305441
Mahmood, N. A., Alauddin, A. N. M., & Lamat, S. A. (2021). Motives of Employed and Unemployed Volunteers Participation in Sea Games 2017. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(10).
https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i10/11276
Miranti, R., & Evans, M. (2019). Trust, Sense of Community and Civic Engagement: Lessons from Australia. Journal of Community Psychology, 47(2), 254–271.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22119
Nadirah, A., Alauddin, M., Muhamad, T. A., & Pendidikan, F. (2013). Motif Penglibatan Sukarelawan Sukan Institusi Pengajian Tinggi. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 38(2), 205–212.
Oh, D. G. (2019). Analysis of The Factors Affecting Volunteering, Satisfaction, Continuation Will, and Loyalty for Public Library Volunteers: An Integrated Structural Equation Model. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 51(4), 894–914.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000617747338
Pearce, S. (2017). The Relationship Between Place and Youth Volunteerism: Building Bonds and Breaking Barriers. https://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/36854
Pearl, A. J. (2017). First-Year Student Motivations for Service-Learning: An Application of the Volunteer Functions Inventory. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 23(2), 66–82. https://doi.org/10.3998/mjcsloa.3239521.0023.205
Pettigrew, S., Jongenelis, M. I., Jackson, B., Warburton, J., & Newton, R. U. (2020). A Randomized Controlled Trial and Pragmatic Analysis of the Effects of Volunteering on the Health and Well-being of Older People. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(4), 711–721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-019-01241-3
Ramlan, M., Arshad, M., Hussin, Z. H., & Rabun, M. N. (2015). Gender Differences among Youth in Volunteerism. Journal of Administrative Science, 12(2), 1–8.
http:jas.uitm.edu.my
Raposa, E. B., Laws, H. B., & Ansell, E. B. (2016). Prosocial Behavior Mitigates the Negative Effects of Stress in Everyday Life. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(4), 691–698. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702615611073
Reyes, G. A. (2021). Measuring the Six-Dimensional Aspect of Wellness among Selected Employees in the Private Company at Metro Manila. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 10(2), 283–298.
Russell, A. R., Kim, E., Handy, F., & Gellis, Z. (2020). Formal versus informal volunteering and wellbeing: Does volunteering type matter for older adults? Voluntary Sector Review, 11(3), 317–336. https://doi.org/10.1332/204080520X15874538219286
Russell, A. R., Nyame-Mensah, A., de Wit, A., & Handy, F. (2019). Volunteering and Wellbeing Among Ageing Adults: A Longitudinal Analysis. Voluntas, 30(1), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-018-0041-8
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. Guilford Publications.
Sallam, A. A., Abdullah, S., & Ghamdhan, A. M. (2021). The key drivers of volunteering intention among youth in Yemen. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2339(May). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0044760
Santini, Z. I., Meilstrup, C., Hinrichsen, C., Nielsen, L., Koyanagi, A., Krokstad, S., Keyes, C. L. M., & Koushede, V. (2019). Formal Volunteer Activity and Psychological Flourishing in Scandinavia: Findings from Two Cross-sectional Rounds of the European Social Survey. Social Currents, 6(3), 255–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329496518815868
Schlesinger, T., & Nagel, S. (2018). Individual and contextual determinants of stable volunteering in sport clubs. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 53(1), 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690216638544
Southby, K., South, J., & Bagnall, A.-M. (2019). A Rapid Review of Barriers to Volunteering for Potentially Disadvantaged Groups and Implications for Health Inequalities. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 30(5), 907–920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-019-00119-2
South, J., Woodall, J., Southby, K., Jones, R., Yates, G., Kinsella, K., & May, E. (2022). Volunteerism, Social Context and Health Impacts: A Qualitative Study of Glasgow Commonwealth Games Event Volunteers. Cities & Health, 6(4), 671–683. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1791424
Stuart, J., Kamer?de, D., Connolly, S., Ellis Paine, A., Nichols, G., & Grotz, J. (2020). The Impacts of Volunteering on the Subjective Wellbeing of Volunteers: A Rapid Evidence Assessment. October, 1–84. http://www.volunteeringnz.org.nz/wp-
content/uploads/2020_Volunteer-wellbeing-technical-report-Oct2020-a.pdf
Stukas, A. A., Hoye, R., Nicholson, M., Brown, K. M., & Aisbett, L. (2016). Motivations to Volunteer and Their Associations With Volunteers’ Well-Being. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 45(1), 112–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764014561122
Stukas, A. A., Snyder, M., & Clary, E. G. (2016). Understanding and Encouraging Volunteerism and Community Involvement. Journal of Social Psychology, 156(3), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2016.1153328
Tabassum, F., Mohan, J., & Smith, P. (2016). Association of volunteering with mental well-being: a lifecourse analysis of a national population-based longitudinal study in the UK. BMJ Open, 6(8), e011327. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011327
Tang, J., Li, X., & Zhang, X. (2022). The Eudemonic Wellbeing of Volunteers in a Public Health Emergency: COVID-19 in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.903147
Taylor-Collins, E., Havers, R., Durrant, H., Passey, A., Bagnall, A.-M., & South, J. (2021). Volunteering and Wellbeing in The Pandemic Part I: Learning from Practice | Wales Centre for Public Policy. https://www.wcpp.org.uk/wp-
content/uploads/2021/06/Volunteering-and-wellbeing-in-the-pandemic.-Part-1-Learning-from-practice.pdf
Tierney, S., Mahtani, K. R., Wong, G., Todd, J., Roberts, N., Akinyemi, O., Howes, S., & Turk, A. (2022). The Role of Volunteering in Supporting Well-being – What Might this Mean for Social Prescribing? A Best-fit Framework Synthesis of Qualitative Research. Health and Social Care in the Community, 30(2), e325–e346. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13516
UNESCO. (2021). Fit for Life: Sport Powering Inclusive, Peaceful and Resilient Societies.
Warburton, J., & Winterton, R. (2017). A far greater sense of community: The impact of volunteer behaviour on the wellness of rural older Australians. Health & Place, 48, 132–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.10.005
Wemlinger, E., & Berlan, M. R. (2016). Does Gender Equality Influence Volunteerism? A Cross-National Analysis of Women’s Volunteering Habits and Gender Equality. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 27(2), 853–873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9595-x
Widjaja, E. (2010). Scholarship @ Claremont Motivation Behind Volunteerism. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/4
Wiepking, P., Einolf, C. J., & Yang, Y. (2023). The Gendered Pathways Into Giving and Volunteering: Similar or Different Across Countries? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 52(1), 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/08997640211057408
Wong, C. M., & Foo, K. H. (2011). Motivational Functions, Gender, Age and Religiosity Influences on Volunteerism: A Singapore Volunteer Organisation Perspective. Journal of Tropical Psychology, 1(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1375/jtp.1.1.31
Xu, L. ping, Liao, J. bao, Wu, Y. shen, & Kuang, H. da. (2021). Effect of Psychological Capital of Volunteers on Volunteering Behavior: The Chained Mediation Role of Perceived Social Support and Volunteer Motivation. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.657877
Yasalonis, A., & Pinson, N. D. (2021). Reporting wellness benefits of horticulture volunteer programs. Acta Horticulturae, 1330, 201–204.
https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1330.23
Yun, N., & Cho, S. (2020). Differences in Satisfaction Level of Volunteer Activities According to the General Characteristics of Volunteers. International Journal of Social Welfare Promotion and Management, 7(1), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.21742/IJSWPM.2020.7.1.02
Zelenski, J. M., & Nisbet, E. K. (2014). Happiness and Feeling Connected. Environment and Behavior, 46(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916512451901
Zhang, W., Wu, Y., & Yang, H. (2021). Voluntary Service, Age Difference and Subjective Well-being. South China Journal of Economics, 40(3), 106–124.



(Mahmood & Pa, 2023)
Mahmood, N. A., & Pa, W. A. M. W. (2023). The Relationship Between Volunteering Motives And Wellness Among Volunteers Of Higher Education Institution Sports Tournament (Sukipt 2022). International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 12(4), 1108–1126.