Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2226-3624

The State of Women's Co-operatives in Malaysia: Challenges and Opportunities

Leviana Andrew, Muhammad Jastu Yusuf, Azlina Bujang, Wan Muhd Faez Wan Ibrahim, Siti Salwa Hassan, Jati Kasuma Ali, Yusman Yacob

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJAREMS/v13-i1/20433

Open access

This article provides a comprehensive examination of the current landscape of women's co-operatives in Malaysia, focusing on their status, challenges, and potential avenues for improvement. Despite a growing interest in fostering women's economic empowerment, various obstacles such as limited financial access, cultural barriers, and inadequate skill development programs impede the optimal functioning of these co-operatives. The objectives of this article include assessing the present state of women's co-operatives, identifying challenges, exploring key improvement factors, and establishing connections with Goal No. 5 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Malaysian entrepreneurship and women's empowerment policies. The discussion emphasizes the importance of financial inclusion, capacity building, and advocacy for gender equality as essential components for enhancing women's co-operative performance. By aligning co-operative development strategies with national policies and the SDGs, Malaysia can foster an environment that not only supports the growth of women-led co-operatives but also contributes significantly to the overarching goal of achieving gender equality and empowering women. This article calls upon educators, policymakers, and community leaders to collaboratively work towards creating an inclusive and sustainable environment conducive to the flourishing of women's co-operatives in Malaysia.

Abas, A., Kassim, N. A., Ali, N. A., Hanif, F. M., & Safian, J. S. (2016). Training needs analysis
for Malaysia credit co-operatives. Co-operative, 53.
Abdul Hamid, N., Ramli, N., & Sulaiman, M. (2017), The impact of technology adoption on
the performance of women's cooperatives in Malaysia. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management, 6(2), 223-237.
Aguene, I. N. (2020), The Role of Women in Rural Development in Enugu State, Nigeria. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Policy, 9(2), 135-153.
Aluko, T. O., & Ntsalaze, L. (2022), Effectiveness measurement framework for a grant programme–The case of cooperative grant scheme (CIS). Development Southern Africa, 39(3), 388-399.
Ariffin, M. (2021), The link between marketing capabilities and co-operative performance in Malaysia. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(3), 1211-1220.
Aruna, P., & Sunil, D. B. (2020), Factors affecting the competitive capability of small and medium women entrepreneurs. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(5), 574-584.
Aryal, K., Laudari, H. K., & Ojha, H. R. (2020), To what extent is Nepal’s community forestry contributing to the sustainable development goals? An institutional interaction perspective. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 27(1), 28-39.
Aslam, H., Che, D. C., & Suki, N. M. (2019), The impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on women's livelihoods: A case study of women's cooperatives in Malaysia. International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 6(4), 618-626.
Baporikar, N. (Ed.). (2021), Handbook of Research on Strategies and Interventions to Mitigate COVID-19 Impact on SMEs. IGI Global.
Basterretxea, I., Cornforth, C., & Heras-Saizarbitoria, I. (2022), Corporate governance as a key aspect in the failure of worker cooperatives. Economic and industrial democracy, 43(1), 362-387.
Bharti, N. (2021), Role of cooperatives in economic empowerment of women: A review of Indian experiences. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 17(4), 617-631.
Borda-Rodriguez, A., & Johnson, H. (2020), Inclusive development and co-operatives. The European Journal of Development Research, 32, 976-997.
Borda-Rodrigues, A., & Vicari, S. (2015), Coffee co-operatives in Malawi: Building Resilience through innovation. Annals of Public and Co-operative Economics, 86(2), 317-338. https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12075.
Buang, M., & Samah, A. A. (2021), Co-operative Governance: A Systematic Review of Member Participation. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(10), 205-220.
Bull, S. (2020), There are open learner models about!. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 13(2), 425-448.
Campbell, C. (2020), Social capital, social movements, and global public health: Fighting for health-enabling contexts in marginalised settings. Social Science & Medicine, 257, 112153.
Chen, L. (1999), Expanding Women's Co?operatives in China through Institutional Linkages. Development and Change, 30(4), 715-738.
Cooperatives Commission of Malaysia. (2021), Perangkaan Koperasi Malaysia 2021. Accessed November 21, 2023, from https://www.skm.gov.my/images/images/Statistik-Gerakan-Koperasi/Statistik-Tahunan/statistik-tahunan-2021/SKM%20-%20Buku%20Perangkaan%202021.pdf.
Cooperatives Commission of Malaysia. (2023), Enjin Carian Maklumat Koperasi Berdaftar. Suruhanjaya Koperasi Malaysia. Accessed November 11, 2023, from https://dkoop.skm.gov.my/MakKopDaftar/.
Crowther, S., Balabanoff, D., Kay, L., & Hall, J. (2023), Using a virtual platform for an asynchronous co-operative inquiry. Action research, 21(3), 351-370.
Dales, A., Coe, N. M., & Hess, M. (2019), Variegated national retail markets: Negotiating transformation through regulation in Malaysia and Thailand. Economic Geography, 95(1), 90-111.
Dohmwirth, C., & Hanisch, M. (2019), Women's active participation and gender homogeneity: Evidence from the South Indian dairy cooperative sector. Journal of Rural Studies, 72, 125-135.
Duguid, F., Duruta?, G., & Wodzicki, M. (2015), The current state of women's co-operatives in Turkey. World Bank.
Duguid, F., & Weber, N. (2016), Gender equality and women’s empowerment in co-operatives-a literature review. Bélgica: International Co-operative Alliance (ICA).
Foley, R. (2013), Violence against women: the challenges for Malaysian women. In Violence against women in Asian societies (pp. 130-149). Routledge.
Kornginnaya, S. (2020), Asian cooperatives and gender equality. In Waking the Asian Pacific Co-Operative Potential (pp. 71-88). Academic Press.
Gava, O., Ardakani, Z., Delali?, A., Azzi, N., & Bartolini, F. (2021), Agricultural cooperatives contributing to the alleviation of rural poverty. The case of Konjic (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Journal of Rural Studies, 82, 328-339.
Girard, J. P., & Langlois, G. (2009), Solidarity co-operatives (Quebec, Canada): How social enterprises can combine social and economic goals.
Habiyaremye, A. (2021), Co-operative learning and resilience to COVID-19 in a small-sized South African enterprise. Sustainability, 13(4), 1976.
Hammad Ahmad Khan, H., Yaacob, M. A., Abdullah, H., & Abu Bakar Ah, S. H. (2016), Factors affecting performance of co-operatives in Malaysia. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 65(5), 641-671.
Harrington, T., Narain, N., Rao, N., Rengalakshmi, R., Sogani, R., Chakraborty, S., & Upadhyay, A. (2023), A needs-based approach to promoting gender equity and inclusivity: Insights from participatory research with farmer-producer organisations (FPOs). Journal of Social and Economic Development.
Hatipoglu, B. K. (2021), Community-based Social Enterprises and Social Innovation: The Case of Women's Cooperatives in Turkey. In Social Entrepreneurship (Vol. 5, pp. 97-118). Emerald Publishing Limited.
Haveman, H. A., & Nedzhvetskaya, N. (2022), Community, enterprise, and self-help: The coevolution of capitalism and non-profit and for-profit businesses in Britain and Germany. In The corporation: Rethinking the iconic form of business organization (Vol. 78, pp. 121-141). Emerald Publishing Limited.
Heath, S. (2021), Balancing the formal and the informal: The relational challenges of everyday practices of co-operation in shared housing co-operatives in the UK. Social & Cultural Geography, 22(9), 1256-1273.
Huang, C. C., Zazale, S., Othman, R., Aris, N. A., & Ariff, S. M. M. (2015), Influence of cooperative members’ participation and gender on performance. Journal of Southeast Asian Research, 2015, 1-9.
Ihejirika, D. C., & Deekor, H. (2021), Comparative Analysis of Entrepreneurship Education Programmes and Its influenced on Socio-Economic Development of Youths in Rivers State.
Islam, M. B., Hossain, M. N., Islam, M. K., Nayeem, A. R., & Akter, M. N. (2020), Effect of financial entrepreneurship and literacy program on women empowerment: a case study in Khulna District. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9(6), 803-810.
Ismail, A. M., Ahmadi, S. M., Yatim, N., & Ismail, P. M. (2020). The impact of board characteristics on co-operative reputation from the lense of resource-based view theory (RBVT). International Journal of Financial Research, 11(3), 43-61.
Jafar, K. (2020), 22 Impact of migration on financial inclusion and local financial systems in Kerala1. India Migration Report 2020: Kerala Model of Migration Surveys, 407.
Jalinik, M., & ?ukaszuk, K. (2020), Statutory regulations and corporate governance standards in cooperative banks. Research Papers in Economics and Finance, 4(1), 51-58.
Kakati, B. K., & Kakoty, S. (2022), Role of Women's Cooperative in Empowering Women: A Study in Jharkhand. PURUSHARTHA-A journal of Management, Ethics and Spirituality, 15(1), 118-132.
Kamaruddin, R., & Samsudin, S. (2014), The sustainable livelihoods index: A tool to assess the ability and preparedness of the rural poor in receiving entrepreneurial project. Journal of Social Economics Research, 1(6), 108-117.
Kiptum, J. K., & Ayuo, A. (2023), Business process re-engineering and organizational performance: A survey of savings and credit co-operative societies in the South Rift Region, Kenya. International Academic Journal of Human Resource and Business Administration, 4(3), 125-144.
Kinyua Muchiri, H. (2021), Risk Reduction Practices on Financial Competitiveness of Savings and Credit Co-Operative Societies in Kirinyaga County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, The Co-operative University of Kenya).
Kornginnaya, S. (2020), Asian cooperatives and gender equality. In Waking the Asian Pacific Co-Operative Potential (pp. 71-88). Academic Press.
Kremer, A. M., Cavalheiro, R. T., & Vilpoux, O. F. (2019), Relevant factors for collective action in the common-pool resources context. Revista Pensamento Contemporâneo em Administração, 13(4), 52-66.
Kumar, D., Hossain, A., & Gope, M. C. (2013), Role of micro credit program in empowering rural women in Bangladesh: A study on Grameen Bank Bangladesh Limited. Asian Business Review, 3(4), 114-120.
Lamichhane, S. (2023), Impact of co-operative on member's socio-economic condition (A study of Kalam Saving and Credit Co-operative Society Ltd., Pokhara) (Doctoral dissertation, Department of Economics).
Lang, R., & Roessl, D. (2011), Contextualizing the governance of community co-operatives: Evidence from Austria and Germany. Voluntas: international journal of voluntary and nonprofit organizations, 22, 706-730.
Lecoutere, E. (2017), The impact of agricultural co-operatives on women’s empowerment: Evidence from Uganda. Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management, 5(1), 14-27.
Lekha, T. N., & Thiagarajan, M. (2022), An analytical appraisal of major issues and challenges in kudumbhashree women micro-enterprises of thiruvanthapuram corporation. Journal of Management and Science, 12(4), 42-48.
Lodhia, D. S. V. (2009), Gender inequality in decision making in cooperatives: a cross national study of Asia and Pacific countries. Available at SSRN 1370967.
Luo, J., Han, H., Jia, F., & Dong, H. (2020), Agricultural Co-operatives in the western world: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of cleaner production, 273, 122945.
Machio, P. M., Kariuki, P. C., Ng’ang’a, A. M., & Njoroge, M. M. (2020), A Profle of Sustainable Development Goals in Gikindu Location, Murang’a County, Kenya.
Mahlaba, S. N. (2018), Economic development and women empowerment in Zamimpilo art and craft co-operative (Doctoral dissertation, University of Zululand).
Mazzarol, T. (2023), Co-operative and Mutual Enterprises Research: A Comprehensive Overview.
Mazzarol, T., Clark, D., Reboud, S., & Limnios, E. M. (2018), Developing a conceptual framework for the co-operative and mutual enterprise business model. Journal of Management & Organization, 24(4), 551-581.
Meyer, C. (2020), The commons: A model for understanding collective action and entrepreneurship in communities. Journal of business venturing, 35(5), 106034.
Meyer, C., & Pietrzak-Franger, M. (2022), Transmedia Practices in the Long Nineteenth Century. Routledge.
Mgema, J. M., & Komba, C. K. (2020), Socio-Economic Effects of Covid-19 pandemic on the performance of co-operative societies in Tanzania.
Mishra, A., Das, P., & Sangma, W. S. N. (2021), Handlooms Micro-enterprises for Empowerment of Women in Meghalaya. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 10(01), 2493-2500.
Mlay, L., Temu, S., & Mataba, L. (2023), The Impact of Board Characteristics on the Financial Performance of Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies in Arusha and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tanzanian Economic Review, 13(1), 130-155.
Mohamed, R., & Aziz, N. A. (2021), Cabaran dalam Pengurusan dan Pentadbiran Koperasi Kariah Masjid di Semenanjung Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Co-operative Studies, 17, 1-14.
Morshidi, M. H., Hilman, H., & Yusoff, Y. M. (2021), Strategic Orientation and Organisational Commitment on Co-Operative Performance in Malaysia: A Conceptual Framework. J. Manag. Inf. Decis. Sci, 24, 1-17.
Mrasi, A. P. (2016), Critical success factors in liquor retailing in selected townships of Cape Town, South Africa (Doctoral dissertation, Cape Peninsula University of Technology).
Mudege, N. N., Nyekanyeka, T., Kapalasa, E., Chevo, T., & Demo, P. (2015), Understanding collective action and women's empowerment in potato farmer groups in Ntcheu and Dedza in Malawi. Journal of Rural Studies, 42, 91-101.
Mullany, L., & Lumala, P. M. (2022), Narratives of identity and gendered leadership in East African workplaces: intersectionality, global development goals and challenging boundaries. In Globalisation, Geopolitics, and Gender in Professional Communication (pp. 40-62). Routledge.
Nade, P. (2021), Enabling environment for financial co-operatives in rural Tanzania: Beyond co-operative principles. Journal of Co-operative and Business Studies (JCBS), 5(2).
Nawawi, N. (2014). Performance and challenges of cooperatives in housing activities in Malaysia. Co-operative Studies, 49.
Ndlovu, L. D., Krüger, N. A., & Meyer, N. (2023). Unleashing the potential: Exploring internal factors for the success of women entrepreneurs in South Africa's agricultural sector. Journal of Contemporary Management, 19(si1), 158-182.
Novkovic, S., Puusa, A., & Miner, K. (2022). Co-operative identity and the dual nature: From paradox to complementarities. Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management, 10(1), 100162.
Oh, B. Y., Violette, R., Grindrod, K. A., Waite, N. M., & Houle, S. K. (2021), Pharmacy students' perceived willingness and ability to negotiate for paid co-operative education positions. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, 2, 100026.
Okonkwo, P. C., Onyeze, C. N., & Ochiaka, D. I. (2019), Contributions of Co-Operative Societies in Economic Empowerment of Rural Women in Abia State. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(8).
Onyancha, R. M., & Wambu, C. K. (2021), Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Young Women Participation in Tea SACCOs Politics in Nyamira South Sub-County, Nyamira County, Kenya.
Othman, A. (2014), Essays on the co-operatives’ performances in Malaysia/Azmah binti Othman (Doctoral dissertation, University of Malaya).
Othman, A., Mansor, N., & Kari, F. (2017), Assessing the performance of co-operatives in Malaysia: an analysis of co-operative groups using a data envelopment analysis approach. In Mutual, Cooperative and Employee-Owned Businesses in the Asia Pacific (pp. 176-197). Routledge.
Paliwal, M., Singh, A., & Sayed, S. (2023), An Exploratory Study of Women Collectives in Maharashtra. Co-operative Perspective, 101.
Patil, A. G., & Vaidya, A. A. (2021), Legal Framework for Women Empowerment in Credit Co-Operative Sector: An Analytical Study. Issue 2 Int'l JL Mgmt. & Human., 4, 3051.
Parajuli, P. (2023), Role of Cooperative in Women Empowerment in Kaski District (Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Rural Development).
Patani, S. (2021), Women’s Participation Through Cooperatives (A Study of Shree Silinge Agriculture Productive Cooperatives Ltd. Pokhara-26, Kaski) (Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Sociology).
Patil, A. G., & Vaidya, A. A. (2021), Legal Framework for Women Empowerment in Credit Co-Operative Sector: An Analytical Study. Issue 2 Int'l JL Mgmt. & Human., 4, 3051.
Pedro, H., Koentjoro, K., & Meiyanto, S. (2020). The Structural Empowerment and Levels of Participation of Co-Operative Members. MOJPC: Malaysia Online Journal of Psychology & Counselling, 7(1), 48-55.
Petridou, E., & Glaveli, N. (2008), Rural women entrepreneurship within co?operatives: training support. Gender in management: an international journal, 23(4), 262-277.
Pressey, A. D., Vanharanta, M., & Gilchrist, A. J. (2014), Towards a typology of collusive industrial networks: Dark and shadow networks. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(8), 1435-1450.
Pretti, T. J., & McRae, N. (2021). Preparing Gen Y and Z for the future of work through co-operative education: A case study on the University of Waterloo. In Applications of work integrated learning among Gen Z and Y students (pp. 94-118). IGI Global.
Rahim, N. H., Ramli, N., & Sulaiman, M. (2020), Cultural norms and gender stereotypes: The influence on women's technological literacy in Malaysia. International Journal of Human Sciences and Social Studies, 9(2), 1-10.
Ramli, N., Sulaiman, M., & Abdul Hamid, N. (2019), Digital literacy among women cooperative members in Malaysia: Challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 5(2), 204-212.
Rao, B. (2022), Sustainability and Gender Inequality within Handloom Value Chains. ECS Transactions, 107(1), 15053.
Rustinsyah, R., Santoso, P., & Sari, N. R. (2021), The impact of women's co-operative in a rural area in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs).
Shafii, Z., Obaidullah, M., & Samad, R. R. (2017), Developing a Model for Corporate Governance and Conflict of Interest Deterrence in Shari’ahbased Cooperatives. IRTI Policy Paper, (2017-03).
Singh, R. (2020), The Role of Women. BlueRose Publishers.
Suryokumoro, H. (2017), The Implications of ASEAN Economic Community (Aec) to the Regulation of Cooperative Supervision by the Government Under Law Number 25/1992 on Cooperative. Brawijaya Law Journal, 4(2), 189-218.
Sergaki, P., Partalidou, M., & Iakovidou, O. (2015), Women's Agricultural Co-operatives in Greece: A Comprehensive Review and Swot Analysis. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 20(01), 1550002.
Ridley-Duff, R., & Bull, M. (2018), The coming of age of the social solidarity economy. In paper to Welfare Societies in Transition-3rd EMES-Polanyi International Seminar, Roskilde, Denmark, April (pp. 16-17).
Rwela, A. G. (2023). Socio-economic and institutional determinants of membership in Agricultural Marketing Co-operative Societies in Mvomero and Kilombero districts, Tanzania. Development Studies Research, 10(1), 2163679.
Verge, T. (2021). Gender equality policy and universities: Feminist strategic alliances to re-gender the curriculum. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 42(3), 191-206.
Vicari, S. (2014). The co?operative as institution for human development: the case study of Coppalj, a primary co?operative in Brazil. Journal of International Development, 26(5), 683-700.
Wai, T. T. (2022). A Study on the Effectiveness of Training on Employee Performance of Co-Operative Sector in Yangon (Doctoral dissertation, MERAL Portal).
Wei, W., Sarker, T., Roy, R., Sarkar, A., & Ghulam Rabbany, M. (2021). Women’s empowerment and their experience to food security in rural Bangladesh. Sociology of Health & Illness, 43(4), 971-994.
Yen, M. F., Miranda, M., & Katchova, A. (2020). The effects of capital constraints on the growth of agricultural cooperatives. Agricultural Economics, 66(1), 27-33.

(Andrew et al., 2024)
Andrew, L., Yusuf, M. J., Bujang, A., Ibrahim, W. M. F. W., Hassan, S. S., Ali, J. K., & Yacob, Y. (2024). The State of Women’s Co-operatives in Malaysia: Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management and Sciences, 13(1), 168–183.