Job Quality of Gig Workers: An Empirical Review of Cloud and Location-Based Gig Workers

Abdull Rahman, R. H., Abd Hamid, M. A., Abdul Patah, S., Zaini, F., & Mahidi Mohyedin, A. S. (2022). Driving Factors and Career Prospects of Food Delivery Gig Workers. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(10). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i10/14656
Abdull Rahman, R. H., Abd. Hamid, M. A., Abdul Patah, S., Zaini, F., & Abdul Rohman, N. (2023). The Experience of Malay Food Delivery Gig Worker in Johor Bahru, Johor/ Pengalaman Pekerja Gig Penghantar Makanan Berbangsa Melayu di Johor Bahru, Johor. Sains Humanika, 15(2), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v15n2.1983
Abu Hassan, R., Saripan, H., Mohd Shith Putera, N. S. F., Abdullah, S. M., & Mohamad, A. M. (2023). Amendments to the Employment Act 1955: An Analysis of the Key Changes with Reference to International Labour Standards – A Positive Improvement for Malaysia’s Employment Regime? International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(1), 154–166. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i1/15568
Alabduljader, S. A. (2022). the Impact of Quality of Work-Life on Reducing Occupational Burnout Among Workers. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 26(2), 24–41. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2022.26.2.02
Anderson, M., McClain, C., Faverio, M., & Gelles-Watnick, R. (2021). The State of Gig Work in 2021. Pew Research Center, December, 1–66. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/12/08/the-state-of-gig-work-in-2021/
Anwar, M. A., & Graham, M. (2021). Between a rock and a hard place: Freedom, flexibility, precarity and vulnerability in the gig economy in Africa. Competition and Change, 25(2), 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024529420914473
Arranz, J. M., García-Serrano, C., & Hernanz, V. (2017). Employment Quality: Are There Differences by Types of Contract? Social Indicators Research, 137(1), 203–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1586-4
Boreham, P., Povey, J., & Tomaszewski, W. (2016). Work and social well-being: the impact of employment conditions on quality of life. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(6), 593–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1027250
Cazes, S., Hijzen, A., & Saint-Martin, A. (2015). Measuring and Assessing Job Quality: The OECD Job Quality Framework. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, 174, 1–52. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/measuring-and-assessing-job-quality_5jrp02kjw1mr-en
CarnegieUk Trust, & The RSA. (2018). Measuring Good Work. 1–64.
Charlesworth, S., Welsh, J., Strazdins, L., Baird, M., & Campbell, I. (2014). Measuring poor job quality amongst employees: the VicWAL job quality index. Labour & Industry: A Journal of the Social and Economic Relations of Work, 24(2), 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2014.915787
Chen, T., Song, W., Song, J., Ren, Y., Dong, Y., Yang, J., & Zhang, S. (2022). Measuring Well-Being of Migrant Gig Workers: Exampled as Hangzhou City in China. Behavioral Sciences, 12(10), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100365
Chen, W. H., & Mehdi, T. (2019). Assessing job quality in Canada: A multidimensional approach. Canadian Public Policy, 45(2), 173–191. https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2018-030
CIPD. (2017). To gig or not to gig? Stories from the modern economy. March, 1–59. https://www.cipd.co.uk/Images/to-gig-or-not-to-gig_2017-stories-from-the-modern-economy_tcm18-18955.pdf
CIPD. (2022). CIPD Good Work Index 2022. Charterd Institute of Personnel Develoment, June, 1–25. https://www.cipd.co.uk/Images/good-work-index-research-report-2021-1_tcm18-96100.pdf
CIPD. (2023). Job design (Factsheet). https://www.cipd.org/en/knowledge/factsheets/job-design-factsheet/
de Bustillo, R. M., Fernández-Macías, Enrique Antón, J. I., & Esteve, F. (2009). INDICATORS OF JOB QUALITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION. 1–23.
Eurofound. (2017). Sixth European Working Conditions Survey– Overview report (2017 update). Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
Eurofound. (2018). Employment and working conditions of selected types of platform work. In Employment and working conditions of selected types of platform work. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/wpef18053en.pdf
Eurostat. (2013). Eurostat regional yearbook 2013.
González, P., Sehnbruch, K., Apablaza, M., Méndez Pineda, R., & Arriagada, V. (2021). A Multidimensional Approach to Measuring Quality of Employment (QoE) Deprivation in Six Central American Countries. In Social Indicators Research (Vol. 158, Issue 1). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02648-0
Goods, C., Veen, A., & Barratt, T. (2019). “Is your gig any good?” Analysing job quality in the Australian platform-based food-delivery sector. Journal of Industrial Relations, 61(4), 502–527. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185618817069
Horowitz, J. (2016). Dimensions of Job Quality, Mechanisms, and Subjective Well-Being in the United States. Sociological Forum, 31(2), 419–440. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12251
James, A. (2024). Platform work-lives in the gig economy: Recentering work–family research. Gender, Work and Organization, 31(2), 513–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.13087
Keith, M. G., Harms, P. D., & Long, A. C. (2020). Worker Health and Well-Being in the Gig Economy: a Proposed Framework and Research Agenda. Research in Occupational Stress and Well Being, 18(July), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-355520200000018002
Lewandowski, P., Kowalik, Z., & Pawe?, K. (2022). MIGRANT AND NATIVE GIG WORKERS?: EVIDENCE FROM POLAND Zuzanna Kowalik Piotr Lewandowski Pawe? Kaczmarczyk. December. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17691.75046
Lewis, S., Gambles, R., & Rapoport, R. (2008). The myth of work–life balance: The challenge of our time for men, women and societies. Community, Work \& Family, 11(3), 337–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800802133966
Md Radzi, M. S. N., Bidin, A., Musa, M. K., & Hamid, N. A. (2022). Protecting Gig Workers ’ Interests in Malaysia Through Registered Association Under Societies Act 1966. IIUM Law Journal, 30(S1), 157–179.
Myhill, K., Richards, J., & Sang, K. (2021). Job quality, fair work and gig work: the lived experience of gig workers. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(19), 4110–4135. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1867612
Nawakitphaitoon, K., & Zhang, W. (2021). The effect of direct and representative employee voice on job satisfaction in China: evidence from employer-employee matched data. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(22), 4725–4751. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1744028
Nguyen, M. H., Pojani, D., Nguyen-Phuoc, D. Q., & Nguyen Thi, B. (2023). What if delivery riders quit? Challenges to last-mile logistics during the Covid-19 pandemic. Research in Transportation Business and Management, 47(December 2022), 100941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2022.100941
Nguyen, N., Tran, T. H. H., Luu, T. T. D., & Vu, T. D. (2023). Crowdshippers’ intentions to continue participating in last-mile delivery: A study in Vietnam. Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 39(3), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2023.06.004
Norlander, P., Jukic, N., Varma, A., & Nestorov, S. (2021). The effects of technological supervision on gig workers: organisational control and motivation of Uber, taxi, and limousine drivers. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(19), 4053–4077. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1867614
Rahim, A. F. A., Yaacob, N. A., Noor, R. M., Najid, N. A., & Zulkifli, N. (2021). Strengthening the Gig Economy: Future of Digital Labor Workforce Platform Post-Covid-19. GADING (Online) Journal for Social Sciences, 24(04), 17–26
Salleh, N. M., Mohamed Shukry, S. N., & Jokinol, V. M. C. (2023). Analysing the Challenges, Effects, and Motivations of Gig Economy Workers. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(6), 2134–2151. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i6/17514
Schmidt, F. A. (2017). Digital Labour Markets in the Platform Economy. Division for Economic and Social Policy, January, 1–30. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/wiso/13164.pdf
Steffgen, G., Sischka, P. E., & de Henestrosa, M. F. (2020). The quality of work index and the quality of employment index: A multidimensional approach of job quality and its links to well-being at work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217771
Stewart, A., & Stanford, J. (2017). Regulating work in the gig economy: What are the options? Economic and Labour Relations Review, 28(3), 420–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/1035304617722461
Toor, A. S., & Taa, W. L. (2025). Gig Workers Bill 2025 – A Monumental Shift.
UNECE. (2015). Handbook on Measuring Quality of Employment. A Statistical Framework. Prepared by the Expert Group on Measuring Quality of Employment., January. https://unece.org/DAM/stats/publications/2015/ECE_CES_40.pdf
Victor, D. T., & Letam Queen, D. (2022). Employee Voice and Workers’ Well-Being: Empirical Evidence from the Food and Beverages Manufacturing Companies in Rivers State, Nigeria. International Academic Journal of Management & Marketing Annals, 8(1), 136–153. www.accexgate.com%7Cpapers@accexgate.com136%7Cpage
Wei, W., & MacDonald, I. T. (2021). Modeling the job quality of ‘work relationships’ in China’s gig economy. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 60(4), 855–879. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12310
Win, T. K., & Mohamad, S. F. (2022). Advantages And Challenges of The Gig Economy: Perspective from Potential Hospitality Employees. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts, 14(1), 348–363.
Wood, A. J., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., & Hjorth, I. (2019). Good Gig, Bad Gig: Autonomy and Algorithmic Control in the Global Gig Economy. Work, Employment and Society, 33(1), 56–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017018785616
Wood, S., Daniels, K., & Ogbonnaya, C. (2020). Use of work–nonwork supports and employee well-being: the mediating roles of job demands, job control, supportive management and work–nonwork conflict. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(14), 1793–1824. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1423102
Wu, P. F., Zheng, R., Zhao, Y., & Li, Y. (2022). Happy riders are all alike? Ambivalent subjective experience and mental well-being of food-delivery platform workers in China. New Technology, Work and Employment, 37(3), 425–444. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12243
Yu, D. (2020). Employment quality index for the South African labour market. Development Southern Africa, 37(2), 276–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2019.1654853
Zulkefli, Z. I., & Khalil Omar, M. (2023). Work-Life Balance, Mental Health, Income, and Job Satisfaction among Gig Workers in Selangor, Malaysia. Journal for Re Attach Therapy and Developmental Diversities, 6(9s), 1182–1194. https://jrtdd.com

Kasim, A. R., & Lim, E. S. (2026). Job Quality of Gig Workers: An Empirical Review of Cloud and Location-Based Gig Workers. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 16(9), 764–779.

Copyright: © 2026 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode