Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2226-3624

Toward a Glocalized Model of Expatriate Adjustment: Evidence from Chinese Expatriates in Africa

Xinyong Li, Basheer Al-haimi

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJAREMS/v14-i3/26410

Open access

The adjustment of Chinese expatriates in Africa remains an underexplored phenomenon, particularly within the project-driven construction sector. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a Comprehensive Onboarding Program designed to enhance the adaptation of Chinese expatriates at Hebei Building Materials Industry Design and Research Institute’s South African subsidiary. Using a quantitative pre- and post-intervention design, data were collected from 30 expatriates across three domains of adjustment: language proficiency, intercultural communication, and social integration. Standardized CEFR-based assessments indicated that 67% of participants advanced by at least one proficiency level, with 40% attaining B2 or above. Cross-cultural communication scales revealed a 76% improvement rate, while social integration indices showed positive change for 81% of respondents. Overall, 88% rated the program as highly effective, underscoring its practical value for expatriate retention and engagement. By demonstrating statistically significant improvements across all three domains, this paper provides empirical evidence for the value of post-arrival, context-specific onboarding. The findings contribute to expatriate management literature by advancing a quantitatively validated, glocalized model of expatriate adjustment, extending the applicability of Western-derived frameworks to Chinese expatriates in Africa’s construction industry.

Alam, S., Ayub, M. S., Arora, S., & Khan, M. A. (2023). An investigation of the imputation techniques for missing values in ordinal data enhancing clustering and classification analysis validity. Decision Analytics Journal, 9, 100341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dajour.2023.100341
Aloyzius, A. (2020). Action Research: A Powerful Tool To Improved Organizational Management, Practice, And Efficiency. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352179049_Action_Research_A_Powerful_Tool_To_Improved_Organizational_Management_Practice_And_Efficiency
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., & Ng, K. Y. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3(3), 335–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2007.00082.x
Bano, N., & Liu, Y. (2025). Cross cultural adaptation challenges: A study on Chinese expatriates in Muslim countries along Belt and road. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management. https://doi.org/10.1177/14705958251325689
Black, J. S., Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1991). Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: an integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 291. https://doi.org/10.2307/258863
Caldwell, H., Donnelly, R., & Yang, H. (2023). Reviewing and revising Black et al’s adjustment model(s). The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 35(5), 932–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2023.2297827
Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2000). The development and validation of the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale. Human Communication, 3(1), 1–15.
Council of Europe. (2020). Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment—Companion volume. Council of Europe Publishing. https://www.coe.int/en/web/common-european-framework-reference-languages
Du-Babcock, B., & Chan, A. C. K. (2025). Organizational support and China-Based expatriate adjustments. International Journal of Business Communication. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294884251359247
Du-Babcock, B., & Chan, A. C. K. (2025). Organizational support and China-based expatriate adjustments. International Journal of Business Communication. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294884251359247
Fei, D. (2022). Chinese in Africa: expatriation regime and lived experience. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(11), 2720–2741. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2022.2029373
Gencheva-Vasileva, N. A. (2025). THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF INTERCUCTURAL COMPETENCE ASSESSMENT TOOLS. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 22(Supplement 1), 7. https://doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2024.s.01.017
Gencheva-Vasileva, N. A. (2025). Theoretical framework of intercultural competence assessment tools. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 22(Suppl. 1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2024.s.01.017
Ghasemi, A., & Zahediasl, S. (2012). Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis: A Guide for Non-Statisticians. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10(2), 486–489. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.3505
Gyensare, M. A., Jain, P., Asante, E. A., Adomako, S., Ofori, K. S., & Hayford, Y. (2025). Fostering assigned expatriates’ thriving at work through cultural intelligence and local embeddedness: The role of relational attachment. Journal of International Management, 31(2), 101222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2024.101222
Jamieson, M. K., Govaart, G. H., & Pownall, M. (2023). Reflexivity in quantitative research: A rationale and beginner’s guide. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12735
Jiang, X., Peters, R., Plonsky, L., & Pajak, B. (2024). The effectiveness of Duolingo English courses in developing reading and listening proficiency. CALICO Journal. https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.26704
Jiang, X., Peters, R., Plonsky, L., & Pajak, B. (2024). The effectiveness of Duolingo English courses in developing reading and listening proficiency. CALICO Journal. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.26704
Kongsuwannakul, K. (2020). Making a case for a change to using CEFR-oriented placement test scores: A reflexive ethnographic decision making. Heliyon, 6(1), e03324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03324
Kongsuwannakul, K. (2020). Making a case for a change to using CEFR-oriented placement test scores: A reflexive ethnographic decision making. Heliyon, 6(1), e03324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03324
Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863
Moura, A., Fraga, S., Ferreira, P. D., & Amorim, M. (2025). “Are we still at this point:” Persistent misconceptions about the adequacy, rigor and quality of qualitative health research. Frontiers in Public Health, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1586414
Scott, B. A. B., & Manning, M. R. (2022). Designing the Collaborative Organization: A Framework for how Collaborative Work, Relationships, and Behaviors Generate Collaborative Capacity. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 60(1), 149–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/00218863221106245
Sokro, E., Pillay, S., & Bednall, T. (2021). The effects of perceived organisational support on expatriate adjustment, assignment completion and job satisfaction. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 21(3), 452–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/14705958211061007
Stoermer, S., Haslberger, A., Froese, F. J., & Kraeh, A. (2020). Person–environment fit and expatriate job satisfaction: The role of host country context and adjustment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(2), 222–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1674368
Takeuchi, R. (2010). A critical review of expatriate adjustment research through a multiple stakeholder view: Progress, emerging trends, and prospects. Journal of Management, 36(4), 1040–1064. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309357018
Tsatzali, K., Beazidou, E., Stavropoulou, G., Botsoglou, K., & Andreou, G. (2025). The development and validation of the intercultural communicative competence evaluation instrument (ICCEI). Cogent Education, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2025.2464374
Zhu, C. J., De Cieri, H., Fan, D., & Zhang, M. M. (2017). Expatriate management in emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs): reflection and future research agenda. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(11), 1787–1798. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1335997

Li, X., & Al-haimi, B. (2025). Toward a Glocalized Model of Expatriate Adjustment: Evidence from Chinese Expatriates in Africa. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 14(3), 588–603.