ISSN: 2226-3624
Open access
This study proposes a conceptual framework examining the relationships between student engagement, student motivation, student learning effectiveness, and technology access towards teaching skills in suburban secondary schools. Based on a review of relevant literature, the framework suggests student-related factors and technology access play a significant role in shaping teachers’ teaching skills. This proposed framework aims to provide a theoretical foundation for future empirical studies and to support the improvement of teaching practices in suburban secondary schools. The proposed framework suggests higher levels of student engagement, motivation, and learning effectiveness, supported by adequate technology access, contribute positively to the development and enhancement of teaching skills among secondary school teachers. The findings of this study are expected to serve as a theoretical foundation for future empirical research and to guide educators and policymakers in improving teaching practices through targeted interventions and effective technology integration.
Abedi, E. A. (2024). Tensions between technology integration practices of teachers and ICT in education policy expectations: implications for change in teacher knowledge, beliefs and teaching practices. Journal of computers in education, 11(4), 1215-1234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-023-00296-6
Abizada, A., & Seyidova, S. (2024). Effect of class size on student achievement at public secondary schools in Azerbaijan. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2280306. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2280306
Adeshina, A. E. (2024). The transformative role of digital resources in teaching and learning. Open Journal of Educational Development (ISSN: 2734-2050), 5(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.52417/ojed.v5i1.520
Afzal, A., & Rafiq, S. (2022). Impact of teachers' instructional techniques on student involvement in class: A Case study. UMT Education Review, 5(2), 184-204. https://doi.org/10.32350/uer.52.10
Afzal, A., Khan, S., Daud, S., Ahmad, Z., & Butt, A. (2023). Addressing the digital divide: Access and use of technology in education. Journal of Social Sciences Review, 3(2), 883-895. https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i2.326
Ajani, O. A. (2024). Teachers’ competencies in digital integration of learning contents in dynamic classroom practices: A review of teacher professional development needs. Acta Educationis Generalis, 14(3), 18-40. https://doi.org/10.2478/atd-2024-0016
Akram, H., Abdelrady, A. H., Al-Adwan, A. S., & Ramzan, M. (2022). Teachers’ perceptions of technology integration in teaching-learning practices: A systematic review. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 920317.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920317
Angwaomaodoko, E. A. (2023). An appraisal on the Role of Technology in Modern Education, opportunities and challenges. Traektoriâ Nauki, 9(12), 3019-3028. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1266404
Barbosa Jr, R., & Coneway, B. (2023). The unique challenges and best practices for rural school principals: Attracting and retaining skilled teachers in small communities. School Leadership Review, 18(1), 1.
Cayubit, R. F. O. (2022). Why learning environment matters? An analysis on how the learning environment influences the academic motivation, learning strategies and engagement of college students. Learning Environments Research, 25(2), 581-599.
Dahri, N. A., Yahaya, N., Al-Rahmi, W. M., Noman, H. A., Alblehai, F., Kamin, Y. B., ... & Al-Adwan, A. S. (2024). Investigating the motivating factors influence the adoption of blended learning for teachers’ professional development. Heliyon, 10(15).
Fufa, F. S., Tulu, A. H., & Ensene, K. A. (2023). Examining the challenges of using student-centred teaching strategies in secondary schools: A qualitative approach. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 5(3), 61-72.
Gasparic, R. P., Glavan, M., Miheli?, M. Ž., & Zuljan, M. V. (2024). Effectiveness of flipped learning and teaching: knowledge retention and students’ perceptions. Journal of Information technology education: Research, 23, 001.
Ginting, D. (2021). Student engagement and factors affecting active learning in English language teaching. Voices of English Language Education Society, 5(2), 215-228.
Gouseti, A., Lakkala, M., Raffaghelli, J., Ranieri, M., Roffi, A., & Ilomäki, L. (2024). Exploring teachers’ perceptions of critical digital literacies and how these are manifested in their teaching practices. Educational review, 76(7), 1751-1785.
Han, F. (2021). The relations between teaching strategies, students engagement in learning and teachers’ self-concept. Sustainability. 2021; 13: 5020.
Hassan, G. (2023). Technology and the transformation of educational practices: A future perspective. International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS), 3(1), 1596-1603.
Heilporn, G., Lakhal, S., & Bélisle, M. (2021). An examination of teachers’ strategies to foster student engagement in blended learning in higher education. International journal of educational technology in higher education, 18(1), 25.
Kazmi, Z. S. (2023). Exploring the digital divide in educational technology across Illinois school districts: A focus on business education in urban, suburban, and rural schools. Illinois State University.
Khan, M. A., Majeed, I., & Toor, M. J. (2024). Role of Institutional Factors in Shaping Student Performance at Secondary School Level. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 13(3), 150-155.
Kormos, E. (2024). Bridging the gap: Exploring urban high-needs teachers’ perceptions of online teaching readiness and the digital divide. Education and Urban Society, 56(9), 1094-1117.
Lawrence, S., Jones-Alexander, D., Keller, E., King, M. B., Mitchell, E., Johnson, E., & Land, C. W. (2021). Brief Overview Of Disparities Between Student Educational Access In Rural, Urban, And Suburban Areas. Journal of Education & Social Justice, 7(1).
Li, J., & Xue, E. (2023). Dynamic interaction between student learning behaviour and learning environment: Meta-analysis of student engagement and its influencing factors. Behavioral Sciences, 13(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13010059
Mayantao, R., & Tantiado, R. C. (2024). Teachers’ utilization of digital tools and confidence in technology. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 7(05).
Meng, S. (2023). Enhancing teaching and learning: Aligning instructional practices with education quality standards. Research and Advances in Education, 2(7), 17-31.
Mohammad, A. K. (2022). Teachers’ Perceptions Of Promoting Student-Centred Learning Environment: An Exploratory Study Of Teachers’behaviours In The Saudi Efl Context. Journal of Language and Education, 8(3 (31)), 23-39.
Munna, A. S., & Kalam, M. A. (2021). Impact of active learning strategy on the student engagement. GNOSI: an interdisciplinary journal of human theory and praxis, 4(2), 96-114.
Nahid, S., Muzaffar, N., & Abbas, M. (2023). Impact of teachers' motivation on students' performance. Global Educational Studies Review, 8(2), 444-453.
Naz, S., Rasheed, T., & Rasheed, S. (2022). Investigating Factors Of Social Behaviour Affecting Students'motivation And Learning Achievement. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 59(2), 60.
Njeri, M., & Taym, A. (2024). Analysing the power of socioeconomic status on access to technology-enhanced learning in secondary schools. Research Studies in English Language Teaching and Learning, 2(4), 223-250.
Odiljonova, S. (2024). Effective Classroom Management Strategies: Tips For Maintaining A Positive Learning Environment For Language Learners. O'zbekiston davlat jahon tillari universiteti konferensiyalari, 682-685.
Radil, A. I., Goegan, L. D., & Daniels, L. M. (2023, February). Teachers’ authentic strategies to support student motivation. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 8, p. 1040996). Frontiers Media SA.
Safidon, J. H. (2024). Educational Technology Integration: Challenges and Opportunities.
Saheli, J. (2025). Innovative Teaching Strategies for Better Student Engagement and Tips of Implementation. Pen and Prosperity, 2(3), 145-155.
Saleh, H., & Karim, N. A. K. A. (2025). Impact of Mobile Computing and Gamification toward Teenagers Characteristic Development and Personality. ICTMT 2025 | International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS
Saleh, H., & Shahidan, N. S. (2023). Work Stress and Its Impact on Employee Performance, Turnover, and Absenteeism: A Comprehensive Study at E & E Manufacturing. International Journal of Magistravitae Management, 1(2), 70-80.
Saleh, H., & Wahab, N. A. A. (2024a, December). Employers’ Perspectives on Skills Falling Short, HEIs’ Education System, and Graduates’ Attributes. In 2024 International Conference on TVET Excellence & Development (ICTeD) (pp. 54-58). IEEE.
Saleh, H., & Wahab, N. A. A. (2024b). Employers’ Perspectives Skills Matrix (EPSM): A Proposed Relationship Skill Matrix. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(9), 825-839.
Saleh, H., & Wahab, N. A. A. (2024c). Employers’ Perspectives on Skills Falling Short, HEIs’ Education System, and Graduates’ Attributes: A Proposed Framework. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(8), 93-107.
Saleh, H., & Wahab, N. A. A. (2025). Employers’ Perspectives on Malaysian Graduates’ Skills: A Contemporary Study. Journal of TVET and Technology Review, 3(1), 16-23.
Sharma, S. (2024). Enhancing Inclusive Learning Environments: Strategies for Curriculum Adaptation and Modification. Future of Special Education in India, 109.
Susanti, R. D., Taufik, M., & In'am, A. (2025). Assessment And Differentiated Learning For Teachers In Vocational Secondary Schools. Perspektif Ilmu Pendidikan, 39(1), 70-77.
Tan, C. Y. (2024). Socioeconomic status and student learning: Insights from an umbrella review. Educational Psychology Review, 36(4), 100.
Vaghela, V. S., & Parsana, D. F. (2024). Teaching and Learning: Fostering Student Engagement, Critical Thinking, and Lifelong Learning Skills.
Verma, S. (2024). Effectiveness Of Various Teaching Strategies In Promoting Student Engagement And Understanding. Perspectives In Education, Curriculum And Pedagogy, 76.
Wong, Z. Y., & Liem, G. A. D. (2022). Student engagement: Current state of the construct, conceptual refinement, and future research directions. Educational Psychology Review, 34(1), 107-138.
Y?lmaz, A. (2021). The effect of technology integration in education on prospective teachers' critical and creative thinking, multidimensional 21st century skills and academic achievements. Participatory Educational Research, 8(2), 163-199.
Saleh, H., & Khumairah, N. A. (2026). Student Engagement, Learning Environment, Motivation and Technology Integration towards Teacher Teaching Skills in Suburban Secondary School at Melaka, Malaysia: Proposed Framework. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 15(1), 199–207.
Copyright: © 2026 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode