Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2222-6990

Gender Analyses on the Vulnerability Types Suffered by Poor and Older Freshwater Fisheries Community Members in Peninsular Malaysia

Norehan Saidi, Zumilah Zainalaludin, Askiah Jamaluddin

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i12/11935

Open access

This paper aimed to measure the vulnerability type that predicts the likelihood of the respondents in poor category of household income by sex-disaggregated data. The respondents were sampled in Peninsular Malaysia (n=322)). They suffer from at least one out of six types of vulnerability asked in the questionnaire. HO1 (no type of vulnerability predicts male in poor category of household income), and HO2 (no type of vulnerability predicts male in poor category of household income) were tested through Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) Model respectively and rejected. Both models were fit and significant (p<0.05) to predict the male and female respondents in poor category of household income. BLR Model 1 (male respondents) significantly predicted Handicapped Male and Single Father, with 3.60 times and less than 93.9 percent of the likelihood respectively for them to be in poor category of household income. For BLR Model 2 (female respondents), Single Mother and Handicapped Women predicted 16.15 times and 72.5 percent less of the likelihood respectively for them in the poor category of household income. This paper concludes the vulnerable women are poorer than the vulnerable men, and the handicapped men and single mothers are the poorest in freshwater fisheries communities.

Abd Hamid, S. R., & Salleh, S. (2013). Exploring single parenting process in Malaysia: Issues and coping strategies. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1154-1159. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.718
Abdullah, K., Noor, N. M., & Wok, S. (2008). The perceptions of women’s roles and progress: A study of Malay women. Social Indicators Research, 89(3), 439-455. DOI 10.1007/s11205-008-9242-7
Ahmad, A. T., Salim, K., Chee, P. E., Isa, M. M., & Lim, C. F. (2003). An overview of the socioeconomic status of fisheries in Malaysia.
Ali, O., & Isa, Z. (1995). Nutritional status of women and children in Malaysian rural populations. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 4, 319-324. Retrievr from https://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/SERVER/APJCN/4/3/319.pdf
Allison, E. H., Horemans, B., & Béné, C. (2006). ‘Vulnerability Reduction and Social Inclusion: Strategies for Reducing Poverty among Small-scale Fisherfolk’. Paper presented at the Wetlands, Water and Livelihoods Workshops, Wetland International, St. Lucia, South Africa, 30 January-2 February.
Asok, D. A., & Saranya, R. (2016). A study on income and expenditure pattern of fishermen in veerapandianpattinam area. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 3(10), 19-22.
Azer, I., Hamzah, H. C., Mohamad, S. A., & Abdullah, H. (2016). Contribution of economic sectors to Malaysian GDP. In Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2014) (pp. 183-189). Springer, Singapore. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1458-1_17
Band-Winterstein, T., & Manchik-Rimon, C. (2014). The experience of being an old never-married single: A life course perspective. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 78(4), 379-401. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/AG.78.4.d
Bertolini, P. (2019). Overview of income and non-income rural poverty in developed countries. Presentation. Retrieved, 5, 2020.
Blind, P. K. (2019). Humanitarian SDGs: Interlinking the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with the Agenda for Humanity.
Bolderson, H. (2007). Exclusion of vulnerable groups from equal access to social security. In Social Security as a Human Right (pp. 129-143). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISSN 1617-1497
Bonaccio, S., Connelly, C. E., Gellatly, I. R., Jetha, A., & Ginis, K. A. M. (2019). The participation of people with disabilities in the workplace across the employment cycle: Employer concerns and research evidence. Journal of Business and Psychology, 1-24. DOI: 10.1007/s10869-018-9602-5
Bradshaw, S., Chant, S., & Linneker, B. (2019). Challenges and changes in gendered poverty: the feminization, de-feminization, and re-feminization of poverty in Latin America. Feminist Economics, 25(1), 119-144. doi:10.1080/13545701.2018.1529417
Casmiwati, D., Ibrahim, A. Z., & Bakar, A. H. (2019). Strategy of fishermen Surabaya city, Indonesia to maintain their livelihood. European Journal of Research, 3, 23-28. DOI:10.26739/2521-3253-2019-3-4
Chiang, C., Labeeb, S. A., Higuchi, M., Mohamed, A. G., & Aoyama, A. (2013). Barriers to the use of basic health services among women in rural southern Egypt (Upper Egypt). Nagoya Journal of Medical Science, 75(3-4), 225.
Chintey, R. M., & Chintey, B. (2014). Women and children as vulnerable groups in India: their health and human rights. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 19 (6), 01-04.
Chulu, J. (2015). A Feminist Perspective that Poverty is Gendered: Do Women Have Lesser Access to Resources in Comparison with Men?. Available at SSRN 2663381.
Cliffe, P. T., & Akinrotimi, O. A. (2013). The role of women in fishery activities in some coastal communities of Rivers State, Nigeria. In: 28th Annual Conference of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON), 25-29 Nov 2013, Abuja, Nigeria, pp. 397-401.
Cox, J. (1998). Poverty in rural areas: is more hidden but no less real than in urban areas. doi: 10.1136/bmj.316.7133.722
De Vaus, D. A., & Qu, L. (2015). Living alone and personal wellbeing. Australian Institute of Family Studies.
Department of Fisheries. (2019). Annual Fisheries Statistic 2019. Retrieve from https://www.dof.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/82
Department of Statistic Malaysia. (2019). Report on selected Agriculture Indicators, Malaysia 2019
Dommaraju, P., & Jones, G. W. (2011). Divorce trends in Asia. Asian Journal of Social Science, 39, 725–750. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853111X619201
DOSM. (2017). Press Release Gross Domestic Product Second Quarter 2017. Statistic Malaysia 2015, 7-9.
DOSM. (2020). Household Income & Basic Amenities Survey Report 2019. Press Release
Eagly, A. H. (1987). Reporting sex differences. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.42.7.755
Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender, 12, 174.
Economic Planning Unit (EPU), 2014. Household Income and Poverty
Emmett, T., & Alant, E. (2006). Women and disability: exploring the interface of multiple disadvantage. Development Southern Africa, 23(4), 445-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/03768350600927144
Eriksen, S. H., & O'brien, K. (2007). Vulnerability, poverty and the need for sustainable adaptation measures. Climate Policy, 7(4), 337-352. DOI:10.1080/14693062.2007.9685660
FAO. (2018). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 - Meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Feldman, R. M., & Stall, S. (2004). The dignity of resistance: women residents' activism in Chicago public housing. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511734977
Frantzeskou, E., Kastania, A. N., Riza, E., Jensen, O. C., & Linos, A. (2012). Risk factors for fishermen’s health and safety in Greece. International Maritime Health, 63(3), 155-161. ISSN 1641–9251
Frongillo, E. A., Nguyen, H. T., Smith, M. D., & Coleman-Jensen, A. (2019). Food Insecurity Is More Strongly Associated with Poor Subjective Well-Being in More-Developed Countries than in Less-Developed Countries. The Journal of Nutrition, 149(2), 330-335. DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy261
Fujii, T. (2016). Concepts and measurement of vulnerability to poverty and other issues: A review of literature. In The Asian ‘Poverty Miracle’. Edward Elgar Publishing. Available at: https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soe_research/1939
Gallardo, M. (2018). Identifying vulnerability to poverty: A critical survey. Journal of Economic Surveys, 32(4), 1074-1105. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12216
Gamblin, M. D. (2017). Ending US Hunger and Poverty by Focusing on Communities Where it’s Most Likely. Bread for the World Institute.
Giron?Nava, A., Lam, V. W., Aburto?Oropeza, O., Cheung, W. W., Halpern, B. S., Sumaila, U. R., & Cisneros?Montemayor, A. M. (2021). Sustainable fisheries are essential but not enough to ensure well?being for the world’s fishers. Fish and Fisheries.
https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12552
Hamid, T. A. (2015). Population ageing in Malaysia: A mosaic of issues, challenges and prospects. Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.
Hartline-Grafton, H., & Dean, O. (2017). The impact of poverty, food insecurity, and poor nutrition on health and well-being. Washington, DC: Food Research & Action Center. Available at n www.frac.org
Hilhorst, D. J. M., & Bankoff, G. E. A. (2004). Introduction: mapping vulnerability.
Hilton, J. M., & Kopera-Frye, K. (2006). Loss and depression in cohabiting and noncohabiting custodial single parents. The Family Journal, 14(1), 28-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480705282053
Hirschman, C. (2016). Gender, the status of women, and family structure in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, 53(1), 33-50. ISSN 1511-4554
HLPE. 2014. Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2014.
Holvoet, K., & Chiambeng, G. Y. (2011). Vulnerability of small-scale marine fishing communities to HIV/AIDS in Cameroon. University of Greenwich.
Humphrey, M. (2016). The intersectionality of poverty, disability, and gender as a framework to understand violence against women with disabilities: a case study of South Africa. International Development, Community and Environment (IDCE). 36
Hussin, F., & Yik, S. Y. (2012). The contribution of economic sectors to economic growth: the cases of China and india. Research in Applied Economics, 4(4), 38-53. DOI: 10.5296/rae.v4i4.2879
Ihab, A. N., Rohana, A. J., Manan, W. W., Suriati, W. W., Zalilah, M. S., & Rusli, A. M. (2013). The coexistence of dual form of malnutrition in a sample of rural Malaysia. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4(6), 690
International Labour Office. (2013). Caught at sea: forced labour and trafficking in fisheries. International Labour Office
Islam, M. S. (2008). From sea to shrimp processing factories in Bangladesh: gender and employment at the bottom of a global commodity chain. Journal of South Asian Development, 3(2), 211-236. DOI: 10.1177/097317410800300202
Kalra, S., Jena, B. N., & Yeravdekar, R. (2018). Emotional and psychological needs of people with diabetes. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 22(5), 696. DOI:10.4103/ijem.IJEM_579_17
Kaufmann, C. (2008). ILO, Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization. ILO.
Khazanah Research Institute. 2015. Population Ageing Can We “Live Long and Prosper”? Kuala Lumpur: Khazanah Research Institute. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0
Kramer, K. Z., Myhra, L. L., Zuiker, V. S., & Bauer, J. W. (2016). Comparison of poverty and income disparity of single mothers and fathers across three decades: 1990–2010. Gender Issues, 33(1), 22-41. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.1.3478.9600
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational.
Kumar, A. (2018) Major concerning issues and challenges for women health: An Interpretation. Review of Research Journal, 7(11). Available online at www.lbp.world
Leavy, J., & Hossain, N. (2014). Who wants to farm? Youth aspirations, opportunities and rising food prices. IDS Working Papers, 2014(439), 1-44. DOI:10.1111/j.2040-0209.2014.00439.x
Lentisco, A., & Lee, R. U. (2015). A review of women's access to fish in small-scale fisheries. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular, (C1098), I.
Li, Q. (2020). Mothers left without a man: Poverty and single parenthood in China. Social Inclusion, 8(2), 114-122. DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2678
Lim, L. L., & Kua, E. H. (2011). Living alone, loneliness, and psychological well-being of older persons in Singapore. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, 2011. DOI: 10.1155/2011/673181
Masud, J., & Zainalaludin, Z. (2018). Gender and Poverty among Elderly in Malaysia. Archives of Business Research, 6(12), 242-251. DOI:10.14738/abr.612.5800
Masud, J., Hamid, T. A., & Haron, S. A. (2015). Measuring poverty among elderly Malaysians. Asian Journal for Poverty Studies (AJPS), 1(1).
McGuire, S. (2015). FAO, IFAD, and WFP. The state of food insecurity in the world 2015: meeting the 2015 international hunger targets: taking stock of uneven progress. Rome: FAO, 2015.
McIntyre, P. B., Liermann, C. A. R., & Revenga, C. (2016). Linking freshwater fishery management to global food security and biodiversity conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(45), 12880-12885. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521540113
McKenzie, H., & Cook, K. (2008). The Australian child support scheme as it relates to single mothers: Historical development and international comparisons. In 10th Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference. DOI:10.1080/13229400.2015.1011769
Minkler, M., & Stone, R. (1985). The feminization of poverty and older women. The Gerontologist, 25(4), 351-357. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/25.4.351
Monchuk, V. (2013). Reducing poverty and investing in people: The new role of safety nets in Africa. The World Bank.
Mulia, D. S. (2017). Survival Strategies of Single Mothers among Indigenous Ethnics in Rural Areas: Case Study in Kota Belud, Sabah. Jurnal Kinabalu.
Nagaraj, S., Lee, K. H., Goh, K. L., & Tey, N. P. (2017). Malaysian adolescents not in school: The nexus of education, work and gender. Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, 53(1), 87-113.
Nair, S., & Sagaran, S. (2017). Poverty in Malaysia: Need for a paradigm shift. Institutions and Economies, 95-123.
National Wellness Institute. (1976). The Six Dimension of Wellness Model. https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.nationalwellness.org/resource/resmgr/docs/sixdimensionsfactsheet.pdf
Nazri, N. A., Zainuddin, A., Abd Samad, S., & Alam, S. (2019). A review on the prevalence of women poverty in Malaysia. 7th International Conference on Public Policy and Social Science. 18th -19th November 2019.
Ngarava, S., Zhou, L., & Monde, N. (2019). Gendered water insecurity: A structural equation approach for female headed households in south africa. Water, 11(12), 2491. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122491
Oginni, A., Ahonsi, B., & Ukwuije, F. (2013). Are female-headed households typically poorer than male-headed households in Nigeria? The Journal of Socio-Economics, 45,132-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2013.04.010
Ogunlela, Y. I., & Mukhtar, A. A. (2009). Gender issues in agriculture and rural development in Nigeria: The role of women. Humanity & Social Sciences Journal, 4(1), 19-30.
Osman, M. M., Bakri, N. I. M., Bachok, S., Ibrahim, M., & Mohamed, M. Z. (2015). Assessing social welfare department service delivery system towards vulnerable and disadvantages group in Malaysia: case study of Perak. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 28, 418-426. doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.051
Paweenawat, S. W., & McNown, R. (2014). The determinants of income inequality in Thailand: A synthetic cohort analysis. Journal of Asian Economics, 31, 10-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.asieco.2014.02.001
Qaisrani, A., Umar, M. A., Siyal, G. E. A., & Salik, K. M. (2018). What defines livelihood vulnerability in rural semi-arid areas? Evidence from Pakistan. Earth Systems and Environment, 2(3), 455-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-018-0059-5
Reinharz, S. (1993). Neglected voices and excessive demands in feminist research. Qualitative Sociology, 16(1), 69-76.
Ringbäck-Weitoft, G. (2001). Chapter 9. Social Differences, Vulnerability and Ill-health. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 29(58), 199-218. https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948010290032601
Rojas, M. (2015). Poverty and people’s wellbeing. In Global handbook of quality of life (pp. 317-350). Springer, Dordrecht. DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9178-6
Sadan, E. (2004). Empowerment and community planning. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.1164
Salleh, M. R. (2008). Life event, stress and illness. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences: MJMS, 15(4), 9.
Samah, B. A., Shaffril, H. A. M., Hassan, M. S., Hassan, M. A., & Ismail, N. (2009). Contribution of information and communication technology in increasing agro-based entrepreneurs productivity in Malaysia. Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences, 5(3), 93-98.
Satapornvanit, A. N. (2018). The importance of gender in fisheries: The USAID Oceans experience. Fish for the People, 16(2), 9-13.
Schulz, R., Eden, J., & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016). Family caregiving roles and impacts. In Families caring for an aging America. National Academies Press (US). doi: 10.17226/23606.
Seligman, H. K., Laraia, B. A., & Kushel, M. B. (2010). Food insecurity is associated with chronic disease among low-income NHANES participants. The Journal of nutrition, 140(2), 304-310. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.112573
Shah, V., & Shah, P. (2016). Work-Family Balance–A Challenge for A Women. Indian Journal of Technical Education (IJTE). Special Issue for ICWSTCSC-2016.
Singh, P., Rahman, A. A., & Hoon, T. S. (2010). Languages and Mathematics Achievements among Rural and Urban Primary Four Pupils: A Malaysian Experience. Journal of Science and Mathematics Education in Southeast Asia, 33(1), 65-85.
Siswanto, A., Ridho, M. R., & Wildayana, E. (2021). Characteristics and Roles of Fisherwomen During The Fishing/Non-Fishing Season: A Case Study in Banyuasin Regency. HISPISI: Himpunan Sarjana Ilmu-Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Indonesia, 1(1), 335-345.
Solaymani, S., & Kari, F. (2014). Poverty evaluation in the Malaysian fishery community. Ocean & Coastal Management, 95, 165-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.04.017
Sornkliang, J., Tiaye, R., Yenpoeng, T., Kaewtankam, V., & Pholcharoen, J. (2018). Recognizing gender roles in the fisheries value chain: local fishing communities of Thailand in focus. Fish for the People, 16(2), 14-19.
Stack, R. J., & Meredith, A. (2018). The impact of financial hardship on single parents: An exploration of the journey from social distress to seeking help. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 39(2), 233-242. DOI 10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6
Stergiou-Kita, M., Mansfield, E., Bezo, R., Colantonio, A., Garritano, E., Lafrance, M., ... & Theberge, N. (2015). Danger zone: Men, masculinity and occupational health and safety in high risk occupations. Safety Science, 80, 213-220. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2015.07.029
Sullivan, A. B., & Miller, D. (2015). Who is taking care of the caregiver?. Journal of Patient Experience, 2(1), 7-12.
Syed, S. T., Gerber, B. S., & Sharp, L. K. (2013). Traveling towards disease: transportation barriers to health care access. Journal of Community Health, 38(5), 976-993. doi: 10.1007/s10900-013-9681-1
Techane, M. G. (2017). Economic Equality and Female Marginalisation in the SDGs Era: Reflections on Economic Rights of Women in Africa. Peace Human Rights Governance, 1(3). DOI:10.14658/pupj-phrg-2017-3-2
Teh, L. C., & Pauly, D. (2018). Who brings in the fish? The relative contribution of small-scale and industrial fisheries to food security in Southeast Asia. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, 44. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00044
Thapa, D. K., Visentin, D., Kornhaber, R., & Cleary, M. (2018). Migration of adult children and mental health of older parents ‘left behind’: An integrative review. PloS one, 13(10), e0205665. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205665
Tidwell, J. H., & Allan, G. L. (2015). Ecological and economic impacts and contributions of fish farming and capture fisheries. doi: 10.1093/embo-reports/kve236
United Nation. (2009). World population ageing 2009. Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Population Division, 129.
United Nation. (2018). The 17 Goals. https://sdgs.un.org/goals
United Nation. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York, USA.
United Nations. (2015). The World's Women 2015: Trends and Statistics. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. Sales No. E.15.XVII.8.
United Nations. (2019). World Population Ageing 2019: Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/430).
Veeran, V. (2000). Feminization of poverty. In Women’s Symposium of International Association of Schools of Social Work in Montreal, Canada. DOI:10.13140/2.1.3039.2000
Verschelden, C. (2017). Bandwidth recovery: Helping students reclaim cognitive resources lost to poverty, racism, and social marginalization. Stylus Publishing, LLC.
Wahab, M. A. A., Ghani, N. A., & Yusof, H. (2018). Initial Discussion on the Past Studies of Well-Being. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(5), 74-86. DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i5/4086
Wahab, Z. A. (2015). Kesejahteraan Sosial Komuniti Pesisir : Kajian Kes di Kampung Nelayan Kandis Bachok dan Kampung Baru Nelayan Tumpat Kelantan. Tesis PhD, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan
Wan Ahmad, W. I., & Ismail, Z. (2014). Some demographic aspects of Chinese population in Malaysia. World Applied Sciences Journal, 30(7), 923-926. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.30.07.14086
WHO (2011). Geneva; and, OECD, Sickness, Disability and Work: Breaking the Barriers, A Synthesis of Findings across OECD Countries, 2010, France; ILO: Rural Policy Briefs, Empowering People with Disabilities for Rural Development, 2011, Geneva.
Williams, M. J. (2008). Why look at fisheries through a gender lens?. Development, 51(2), 180-185.
Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2012). Biosocial construction of sex differences and similarities in behavior. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 46, pp. 55-123). Academic Press.
World Bank. (2010). World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change. New York: The World Bank.
World Health Organization. (2008). Older persons in emergencies: an active ageing perspective. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2016). World health statistics 2016: monitoring health for the SDGs sustainable development goals. World Health Organization.
Wrigley, A., & Dawson, A. (2016). Vulnerability and marginalized populations. In Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe (pp. 203-240). Springer, Cham. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23847-0
Yang, Y. (2018). Aging in community and local NGOs: Empowering marginalized older women in South Korea. Journal of Women & Aging, 30(4),344-362. DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2017.1392066
Yeo, B. H. (2007). Fisher profiles and perceptions of sea turtle-fishery interactions: case study of East Coast Peninsular Malaysia (Vol. 6). WorldFish.
Yusri, A., & Ramli, Z. (2016). The Study towards the Traditional Fisherman Survival Mechanism in Facing Famine Season in Meskom Village of Bengkalis Regency, Indonesia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4), 363-363. DOI: 10.36941/mjss
Zain, R. M., Kamarudin, M. K. A., & Saad, M. H. M. (2018). Assessment of Quality Of Life on Fishermen Community in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia: A Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(10), 640–650. DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i10/4770
Zain, Z. M., Khalid, N. S. M., Nurudin, S. M., & Onimisi, T. (2021). Poverty Alleviation Policies in Malaysia and Nigeria: A review. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 6(16), 239-246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i16.2694
Zainalaludin, (2010). Indicators of micro enterprise development for small family business in rural Peninsular Malaysia, Unpublished PhD Thesis.
Zainalaludin, Z. (2012). Scaling up rural micro enterprise: Profiles of owners in Peninsular Malaysia. Pertanika Journal (Social Science and Humanities), 20(4), 1049-1064.
Zainalaludin, Z., Jamaluddin A., Abdul Syukor, S., & Saidi, N. (2017). Gender and vulnerable types among vulnerable member in malaysia fisheries and aquaculture community. International Journal for Studies on Children, Women, Elderly and Disabled, 2(6), 32-37.
Zainalaludin, Z., Saidi, N., & Loh, H. C. (2020). Triangulated relationship between gender, vulnerability and poverty among the vulnerable fisheries community member in Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Consumer, 35, 58.
Zainudin, L. M., Zein, A., Idris, M. H., & Luqman, W. (2019). Socio-economic profile comparison of fishermen community in Kuala Marang and Seberang Takir, Terengganu, Malaysia. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 14(6), 130-142.
Zarina, M. N., & Anton, A. A. (2012). A Preliminary Study of Asset Accumulation among Single Mothers in Malaysia. In 2012 International Conference on Economics, Business and Marketing Management IPEDR, 29, 186-191.

In-Text Citation: (Saidi et al., 2021)
To Cite this Article: Saidi, N., Zainalaludin, Z., & Jamaluddin, A. (2021). Gender Analyses on the Vulnerability Types Suffered by Poor and Older Freshwater Fisheries Community Members in Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(12), 2046–2069.