ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to illicit drug use, and substance use among adolescents is a worldwide health issue. Scholars have conducted many empirical studies to identify the causes of addiction, prevention, and intervention to reduce adolescent involvement in substance use and prevent substance abuse later in adulthood. Despite the significant result in determining risk and protective factors in western society, the relative success of the domain of risk and protective factors towards substance use has not been well-documented within Asia. Hence, this systematic review article examines the risk and protection factors for illicit drug use among adolescents in Asia. Preferred reporting items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) to present a systematic literature review of 13 out of 363 articles from four databases (Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Dimension). The study's findings identified three main themes: individual level, interpersonal level, and institutional level. Overall, further analysis established eight sub-themes. Adolescents' individual level is most highlighted in this study. However, multiple factors within a different level, such as interpersonal, community and policy, are essential to further explore and develop effective substance abuse prevention strategies.
Afifi, T. O. (2020). Considerations for expanding the definition of ACEs. Adverse Childhood Experiences:zUsing Evidence to Advance Research, Practice, Policy, and Prevention, 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816065-7.00003-3
Ansari, H., Khammarnia, M., Okati, H., Fakhrrahimi, S., Mahdavifar, N., Mohammadian, M., Yousefzadeh, A., Mohammadbeigi, A., Mohammadi, Y., & Tirgarfakheri, K. (2019). The Role of Optimism in Predicting Tobacco Smoking and Illicit Drug Use Among High School Students in Southeast of Iran, 2018. Health Scope 2019 8:2, 8(2), 89282. https://doi.org/10.5812/JHEALTHSCOPE.89282
Ansari, T., Alghamdi, T., Alzahrani, M., Alfhaid, F., Sami, W., Aldahash, B. A., Aldukhayel, D. S., Alshanbah, F. S., & Almutairi, N. M. (2016). Risky health behaviors among students in Majmaah University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family & Community Medicine, 23(3), 133. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8229.189105
Assanangkornchai, S., Li, J., McNeil, E., & Saingam, D. (2018). Clusters of alcohol and drug use and other health-risk behaviors among Thai secondary school students: A latent class analysis. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-018-6205-Z/TABLES/4
Barnum, T. C., & Armstrong, T. (2019). Sensation seeking to marijuana use: Exploring the mediating roles of risk appraisal and social norms. Addictive Behaviors, 92, 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADDBEH.2018.12.027
Branstetter, S. A., & Furman, W. (2012). Buffering Effect of Parental Monitoring Knowledge and Parent-Adolescent Relationships on Consequences of Adolescent Substance Use. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2012 22:2, 22(2), 192–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10826-012-9568-2
Carney, T., & Myers, B. (2012). Effectiveness of early interventions for substance-using adolescents: findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 7(1), 1–15.
Chongrattanakon, N., Thepthien, B., & Hong, S. A. (2017). Prevalence and psycho-social determinants of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) juice cocktail consumption among youth in Surat Thani Province, Thailand. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/14659891.2017.1378735, 23(2), 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2017.1378735
Das, J. K., Salam, R. A., Arshad, A., Finkelstein, Y., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2016). Interventions for adolescent substance abuse: An overview of systematic reviews. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(4), S61–S75.
Degenhardt, L., Dierker, L., Chiu, W. T., Medina-Mora, M. E., Neumark, Y., Sampson, N., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Anthony, J. C., & Bruffaerts, R. (2010). Evaluating the drug use “gateway” theory using cross-national data: consistency and associations of the order of initiation of drug use among participants in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 108(1–2), 84–97.
Degenhardt, L., Hall, W., & Lynskey, M. (2003). Testing hypotheses about the relationship between cannabis use and psychosis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 71(1), 37–48.
Gaete, J., Tornero, B., Valenzuela, D., Rojas-Barahona, C. A., Salmivalli, C., Valenzuela, E., & Araya, R. (2017). Substance use among adolescents involved in bullying: A cross-sectional multilevel study. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(JUN), 1056.
https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2017.01056/BIBTEX
Gomez, B., Peh, C. X., Cheok, C., & Guo, S. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences and illicit drug use in adolescents: Findings from a national addictions treatment population in Singapore. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/14659891.2017.1348558, 23(1), 86–91.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2017.1348558
Hall, W. D., Patton, G., Stockings, E., Weier, M., Lynskey, M., Morley, K. I., & Degenhardt, L. (2016). Why young people’s substance use matters for global health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(3), 265–279.
Keyes, K. M., Hamilton, A., & Kandel, D. B. (2016). Birth cohorts analysis of adolescent cigarette smoking and subsequent marijuana and cocaine use. American Journal of Public Health, 106(6), 1143–1149.
Khalid, K., Saad, K. M. S., Soelar, S. A., Yusof, M. Z., & Warijo, O. (2021a). Exploring adolescents’ practice and perspective on the use and misuse of kratom in northwest Malaysia. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/15332640.2021.1906816. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2021.1906816
Khalid, K., Saad, K. M. S., Soelar, S. A., Yusof, M. Z., & Warijo, O. (2021b). Exploring adolescents’ practice and perspective on the use and misuse of kratom in northwest Malaysia. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2021.1906816
Kipping, R. R., Smith, M., Heron, J., Hickman, M., & Campbell, R. (2015). Multiple risk behaviour in adolescence and socio-economic status: findings from a UK birth cohort. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1093/EURPUB/CKU078
Kuntsche, S., & Kuntsche, E. (2016). Parent-based interventions for preventing or reducing adolescent substance use—A systematic literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 45, 89–101.
Larm, P., Aslund, C., Raninen, J., & Nilsson, K. W. (2018). Adolescent non?drinkers: Who are they? Social relations, school performance, lifestyle factors and health behaviours. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37, S67–S75.
Liao, J. Y., Huang, C. M., Lee, C. T. C., Hsu, H. P., Chang, C. C., Chuang, C. J., & Guo, J. L. (2018). Risk and protective factors for adolescents’ illicit drug use: A population-based study. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/0017896918763462, 77(7), 749–761.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896918763462
Marin, S., Heshmatian, E., Nadrian, H., Fakhari, A., & Mohammadpoorasl, A. (2019). Associations between optimism, tobacco smoking and substance abuse among Iranian high school students. Health Promotion Perspectives, 9(4), 279–284.
https://doi.org/10.15171/HPP.2019.38
McCoy, K., Tibbs, J. J., DeKraai, M., & Hansen, D. J. (2020). Household Dysfunction and Adolescent Substance Use: Moderating Effects of Family, Community, and School Support. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/1067828X.2020.1837320, 29(1), 68–79.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2020.1837320
Merrin, G. J., & Leadbeater, B. (2018). Do classes of polysubstance use in adolescence differentiate growth in substances used in the transition to young adulthood? Substance Use & Misuse, 53(13), 2112–2124.
Khan, M. A. M. I., Rahman, M> M. I., Jeamin, S. S., Mustagir, G. M., Haque, R. M., & Kaikobad, S. M. (2020). Psychosocial and socio-environmental factors associated with adolescents’ tobacco and other substance use in Bangladesh. Practical Action, Dhanmondi, 3. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242872
Nguyen, N. N. (2021). Optimism as a protective factor against alcohol use among Vietnamese teenagers. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/14659891.2021.1941358, 27(4), 381–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2021.1941358
Farid, N. D., Yahya, A., Al-Sadat, N., Dahlui, M., Su, T. T., Thangiah, N., Jalaludin, M. Y., Abdul Majid, H., & MyHeART Study Group. (2016). High-Risk Behavior Among Young Adolescents in The Central and Northern Region of Peninsular Malaysia: Baseline Data from The MyHeART Study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(11), 3204–3213. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10826-016-0494-6
Oei, A., Chu, C. M., Li, D., Ng, N., Yeo, C., & Ruby, K. (2021). Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and substance use in youth offenders in Singapore. Child Abuse and Neglect, 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHIABU.2021.105072
Onrust, S. A., Otten, R., Lammers, J., & Smit, F. (2016). School-based programmes to reduce and prevent substance use in different age groups: What works for whom? Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 44, 45–59.
Otten, R., Mun, C. J., & Dishion, T. J. (2017). The social exigencies of the gateway progression to the use of illicit drugs from adolescence into adulthood. Addictive Behaviors, 73, 144–150.
Ozeylem, F., de la Torre-Luque, A., & Essau, C. A. (2021). Factors related to substance use among adolescents from six low-and middle-income countries. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 14, 100370. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ABREP.2021.100370
Peltzer, K., & Pengpid, S. (2017). Cannabis and Amphetamine Use Among Adolescents in Five Asian Countries. Central Asian Journal of Global Health, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.5195/CAJGH.2017.288
Rodzlan Hasani, W. S., Miaw Yn, J. L., Saminathan, T. A., Robert Lourdes, T. G., Ramly, R., Abd Hamid, H. A., Ismail, H., Abd Majid, N. L., Mat Rifin, H., Awaluddin, S. M., & Mohd Yusoff, M. F. (2019). Risk Factors for Illicit Drug Use Among Malaysian Male Adolescents. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 31(8_suppl), 48S-56S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539519865053
Rowe, C. L. (2012). Family therapy for drug abuse: Review and updates 2003–2010. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(1), 59–81.
Secades-Villa, R., Garcia-Rodríguez, O., Jin, C. J., Wang, S., & Blanco, C. (2015). Probability and predictors of the cannabis gateway effect: a national study. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(2), 135–142.
Shek, D. T. L., Zhu, X., Dou, D., & Chai, W. (2020). Influence of Family Factors on Substance Use in Early Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study in Hong Kong. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 52(1), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1707333
Smith, V. C., & Wilson, C. R. (2016). Families affected by parental substance use. Pediatrics, 138(2). https://doi.org/10.1542/PEDS.2016-1575/52464
Steinberg, L., & Monahan, K. C. (2007). Age differences in resistance to peer influence. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1531–1543. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1531
Substance Abuse | WHO | Regional Office for Africa. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2022, from https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/substance-abuse
Thepthien, B., & Htike, M. (2020). Associations between adverse childhood experiences and adverse health outcomes among adolescents in Bangkok, Thailand. Http://Www.Editorialmanager.Com/Cogentpsychology,7(1),1832403. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2020.1832403
World Drug Report 2021 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.21.XI.8). (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2022, from www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wdr2021.html
In-Text Citation: (Sum et al., 2022)
To Cite this Article: Sum, T. S., Hamsan, H. H., Ma’rof, A. A., Abdullah, H., Rasdi, R. M., Omar, S. Z., & Sadiron, N. (2022). A Systematic Review of The Factors Contributing to Adolescent Illicit Drug Use within Asia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(12), 2125 – 2141.
Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode