Influence of Ethnic Identities on Voting Behaviour in 2019 National Assembly Elections in Gombe State, Nigeria

Adeniyi, A. G. (2010) Political Culture and the Future of Democracy in Nigeria Sustainable Human Development Review 2(3&4):47-65
Adetoye, D., & Omilusi, M. O. (2015). Ethno-religious Conflicts and Democracy in Nigeria. Global Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol.3, No.1, pp.51-58. European Centre for Research Training and Development UK ISSN: 2052-6350 (Print), ISSN: 2052-6369 (Online) www.eajournals.org
Agba, M. S., Coker, M. A., & Agaboh, A. A. M. (2010). Political Thuggery and Democratic Dividends in Nigeria. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Akhter, Z., & Sheikh, Y.A (2014) Determinants of Voting Behaviour in India: Theoretical Perspective. Public Policy and Administration Research, Vol. 4, No.8, 2014. www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5731(Paper) ISSN 2225-0972(Online).
Almond, G., & Verba, S. (1963) The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Alhaji, A. U., Ahmed, A., & Wali, D. (2018). Electoral Violence and the 2015 Election in Gombe State: An Assessment of the 2015 General Elections in Gombe Metropolis. Nigeria Journal of Public Administration and Local Government. Volume 19, Issue No. 2, Pages 128-137. University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN)
Aloko, S. M. A., & Abdullahi, U. (2014). Ethnicity, Religion and the Future of Nigerian Democracy. Scientific Research Journal SCIRJ), Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2014.
Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (revised edition). Verso, ISBN 10:0860913295
Babalola, D. (2020). Ethno-religious Voting in Nigeria: interrogating voting patterns in the 2019 presidential election. The Round Table.
Barnerjee, S., & Chaudhuri, B. R. (2016). Influence of Voter Demographics and Newspaper in Shaping Political Party Choices in India: An Empirical Investigation. DOI: 1080/15377857.2016.1147513
Becker, G. (1976). The Economic Approach to Human Behaviour. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Bratton, M., Bhavnani, R., and Chen, T. H. (2012). Voting intentions in Africa: Ethnic, Economic or partisan? Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 50(1): 27-52.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006; 2013). Qualitative Research Method for Social Science. New Delhi, India: Pearson Education Inc.
Buchanan, J. M., & Tullock, G. (1962), The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy, University of Michigan Press.
Bwana, C. N. (2009). Voting Patterns in Uganda’s Elections: Could it be the end of the National Resistance Movement’s (NRM) domination in Uganda’s politics? The East African Review, 41 | 2009, p. 81-93. http://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/582
Chimee, I. N., & Ojiakor, N. (2021). The Political Class and the Manipulation of Ethnicity: Nigeria in Perspective. International Journal of Management Studies and Social Science Research [IJMSSSR 2021], Volume 3, Issue 4 July - August.
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (CFRN as amended) (1999). http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm
Conroy-Krutz, J. (2013). Information and Ethnic Politics in Africa. British Journal of Political Science, Volume 43, Issue 2, April 2013, pp. 345-373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123412000300 Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 September 2012
Creswell, J. W. (2014) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Edinburgh: Pearson I
Dahl, R. A. (2015-). A Preface to Democratic Theory. Expanded edition. University of Chicago press
Danaan, V. V. (2018). Analysing poverty in Nigeria through theoretical lenses. Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(1): 20-31.
Downs, A. (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. Harper and Row Publishers New York
Douglas, J. A. (2013). The Foundational Importance of Voting: A Response to Professor Flanders. 66 Okla. L. Rev. 81 (2013).
Dworkin, S. L. (2012). Sample Size Policy for Qualitative Studies Using In-Depth interviews. Published online: 12 September 2012. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012.
Egobueze, A., and Ojirika, C. U. (2017). Electoral Violence in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic: Implications for Political Stability. Journal of Scientific Research and Report.
Elster, J. (1989). Social Norms and Economic Theory. Journal of Economics Perspectives, American Economic Association, Vol.3(4).
Gill, J., & Gainous, J. (2002). Why Does Voting Get so Complicated? A Review of Theories for Analyzing Democratic Participation. Statistical Science, Institute of Mathematical Statistics Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3182762 Accessed: 28-10-2015 23:29 UTC
Goerres, A. (2007). Why are Older People More Likely to Vote? The Impact of Ageing on Electoral Turnout in Europe. First Published February
Harrop, M., & Miller, W. (1987). Psychological, Economic and Sociological Models of Voting. In, Elections and Voters: A Comparative Introduction. London: Palgrave Macmillan
Haruna, M. O. (2020). Analyzing Electoral Misconduct: The Case of 2019 General Elections in Gombe State, Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology. Volume 18, No. 2 (November 2020)
Harvey, D. L., & Reed, M. H. (1996). The Culture of Poverty: An Ideological Analysis. Sociological Perspectives, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Winter, 1996). University of California Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1389418 Accessed: 06/08/2013 10:46
Higazi & Lar. (2015). Articulations of belonging: The politics of ethnic and religious pluralism in Bauchi and Gombe States, North-East Nigeria.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276319161_Articulations_of_belonging
Human Rights Watch. (2011). “World Report (events of 2010).” Printed in the United States of America. ISBN-13:978-1-58322-921-7
https://www.google.com/search?q=%26+Human+Rights+Watch%2C+2011 &oq=%26+Human+Rights+Watch%2C+2011&aqs=chrome.69i57j0l7.14330j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 and https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/05/16/nigeria-post-electionviolence-killed- 800
Johnston, R. J., Pattie C. J., & Rossiter, D. (2005). The election results in the UK regions. Parliamentary Affairs, 58(4), 786-801.
Kalin, M., and Sambanis, N. (2018). How to Think About Social Identity. Annual Review of Political Science. 2018. 21:239–57. The Annual Review of Political Science is onlineat polisci.annualreviews.org https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-042016-024408
Kim, H. M. (1997). Rational Choice Theory and Third World Politics: The 1990 Party Merger in Korea. Comparative Politics, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Oct. 1997). The City University of New York Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/422194 Accessed: 10-02-2016 09:24 UTC R
Leach, C. W., Brown, L. M., & Worden, R. E. (2008). “Ethnicity and Identity Politics”. In Kurtz, L. (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict, pp.759-768. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Leigh, A. (2005). Economic voting and electoral behaviour: How do individual, local, and national factors affect the partisan choice? Economics and Politics, 17, 265–296.
Lewis-Beck, M. S. (2005). Election Forecasting: Principles and Practice. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, Vol. 7, No. Issue 2 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467- 856x.2005.00178.x
Linberg, S. I., Morrison, M. K. C. (2008). Are African Voters Really Ethnic or Clientelistic? Survey Evidence from Ghana. Political Science Quarterly, Vol.123, March. DOI:10.1002/j.1538 165x.2008.tb00618.x
Lucian, P. W., & Verba, S. (1965). Political Culture and Political Development.Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Manpower. (2016). List of Federal Constituencies in Gombe state. Manpower.com.ng/places/federal-constituencies/16/gombe-state
Marsh, M. (2007). Candidates or Parties? Objects of Electoral Choice in Ireland. First Published July 1, 2007, Research Article. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068807075944
McCauley, J. F. (2014). The Political Mobilization of Ethnic and Religious Identities in Africa. American Political Science Review Vol. 108, No. 4 November 2014 Doi: 10.1017/S0003055414000410 American Political Science Association 2014.
Merriam, S. P. (2009) Qualitative Research Method. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons.
Morse, J. M. (2000). Determining sample size. In: Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Thorpe, S., & Young, T., Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: systematic analysis of qualitative health research over 15 years. BMC Medical Research Methodology (2018) 8:148 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0594-7.
Mulubale, S. (2017). Rethinking the Effects of Identity Politics in a Multi-ethnic Society: A Comparative Case Analysis of Zambia and Kenya. Politikon. DOI: 10.1080/02589346.2017.1279810.
Nebeife, C. J., Izang, M. A., & Okoli, A. C. (2021). Political Culture and Nigeria’s Democratic Experience in the Fourth Republic. Central European Journal of Politics. DOI:10.24132/cejop_2021_2
Nnabuihe, N. S., Aghemalo, A., & Okebgwu, N. E. (2014). Ethnicity and Electoral Behaviour in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal September 2014 /SPECIAL/ edition Vol.2 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
Uwaifo, S. O. (2016). Ethnicity and Development of Political Parties in Nigeria. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development. ISSN 2422-846X An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.28, 2016
Oboh, G. E. (2017). Influence of Ethnicity and Religion in Nigerian Elections and the Imperative of Media Intervention. Sociology International Journal, Volume 1 Issue 3 – 2017 DOI: 10.15406/sij.2017.01.00013
Okeke, R. C. (2017). Political Culture, Democracy and Development in Nigeria. Science Arena Publications. Special Journal of Politics and Law. Vol.2 (4): 1- 9. www.sciarena.com
Oppenheimer, J. A. (2008). In Adcock, R. (Ed) (2008). The sage encyclopedia of political theory. London: Sage.
Pattie, C. J., & Allsopp (1988). A nation dividing? The electoral map of Great Britain 1979- 1987. London: Longman.
Premdas, R. R. (1996) (Working Paper No. 224-April 1996). Ethnicity and Elections in the Caribbean: a radical Realignment of Power in Trinidad and the Threat of Communal Strife. Kellogg Institute. The Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies
Richmond, S., & Charnley, A. (2022). Fractured: Race, Class, Gender and the Hatred of Identity Politics. London: Pluto Press.
Rule, S. (2014) Voting Behavior. In: Michalos, A.C. (eds.) Encyclopaedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 2014 Edition. Springer, Dordrecht https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0753-5_3181
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2013) Research Methods for Business. India: John Wiley & Sons.
Shehu, M. I. (2018). Political-Economy of Ethno-Religious Manipulation in Nigerian Politics and Democracy: Intricacies and Implications. Researchgate
Spencer, S. (2006). Race and Ethnicity: Culture, Identity and Representation. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
Sule, B. (2019). The 2019 General Election in Gombe State: An Analysis of the Voting Pattern, Issues, Impacts and its Implications. International Journal of Social Sciences Perspectives. Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 62-75.
Sule, B., & Tal, M. K. (2018). Impact of Money on Nigerian Politics: Exploring the General Elections in the Fourth Republic. Asian Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 2, 89-98, April 2018
Tar, U., and Shettima, A. G. (2010) Endangered Democracy? The Struggle over Secularism and its Implications for Politics and Democracy in Nigeria. Discussion Paper 49, Nordiska Afrika Institutet, Uppsala 2010. ISSN 1104-8417ISBN 978-91-7106-666-4
Toros, E., and Birch, S. (2019): Who are the targets of familial electoral coercion? Evidence from Turkey, Democratization, DOI:10.1080/13510347.2019.1639151 https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1639151
Toguslu, E., Leman, J., & Sezgin, I.M. (Eds.) (2014). New Multicultural Identities in Europe: Religion and Ethnicity in Secular Societies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. https://www.nli.org.il/en/books/NNL_ALEPH003766763/NLI
Ejiofor, C. C., & Udegu, C. U. (2017). Political Culture of Impunity and the Challenges of Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. South East Journal of Political Science, Vol.3, No.1, 2017.
UKEssays. (2016). Meaning Of Voting Behaviour Politics Essay.
http://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/meaning-of-voting-behaviourpolitics-
essay.php? vref=1>[20 December 2015] Volume 17 No. 1. DOI:
10.20940/JAE/2018/v17i1a6 139
United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 21). United Nations General Assembly, New York.

N/A

Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode