ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
This study reveals Dong Zhongshu's worldview of Tianxia (??) through an investigation of the principles of benevolence and righteousness from the Spring and Autumn Annals. Thus, this study employs a qualitative research methodology to clarify the theory of ruling the world with benevolence and righteousness. Literature research and classic interpretation methods were used to examine his thoughts on benevolence and his worldview of Tianxia. His perspective on benevolence and righteousness was from the Spring and Autumn Annals. In political practice, benevolence and righteousness are only standard. Dong Zhongshu developed the way of Kingship of Universal Benevolence (????), in which the king starts by improving himself and then extends benevolent governance from nearby areas to larger territories until Tianxia. Tianxia is not the expansion of territory, let alone a political goal, but rather the application of Confucian Tianxia feelings in realistic politics. Dong Zhongshu’s Tianxia worldview promotes the way of Kingship, which is consistent with humanity's most fundamental moral standards, and the concept of forming a community of human destiny and thus merits further investigation.This study reveals Dong Zhongshu's worldview of Tianxia (??) through an investigation of the principles of benevolence and righteousness from the Spring and Autumn Annals. Thus, this study employs a qualitative research methodology to clarify the theory of ruling the world with benevolence and righteousness. Literature research and classic interpretation methods were used to examine his thoughts on benevolence and his worldview of Tianxia. His perspective on benevolence and righteousness was from the Spring and Autumn Annals. In political practice, benevolence and righteousness are only standard. Dong Zhongshu developed the way of Kingship of Universal Benevolence (????), in which the king starts by improving himself and then extends benevolent governance from nearby areas to larger territories until Tianxia. Tianxia is not the expansion of territory, let alone a political goal, but rather the application of Confucian Tianxia feelings in realistic politics. Dong Zhongshu’s Tianxia worldview promotes the way of Kingship, which is consistent with humanity's most fundamental moral standards, and the concept of forming a community of human destiny and thus merits further investigation.
Ban, G. (1999). Han Shu. Zhonghua Book Company.
Cao, S. M. (2002). Dong Zhongshu's view of benevolence and righteousness. Journal of Hebei University of Science and Technology (Social Sciences), (04), 48-50.
Chen, L. (2017). A new solution of "benevolence is human". Morality and Civilization, (1), 5-9. doi:10.13904/j.cnki.1007-1539.2017.01.001
Cui, S. J. (2024). The rich connotation of the world view and its compatibility with the proposition of scientific socialist values. Journal of Hengyang Normal University (Social Science), 45(1), 59-67. doi:10.13914/j.cnki.cn43-1453/z.2024.01.006
Deng, H. (2018). Dong Zhongshu’s historical philosophy with the language of Gongyang theory of the Spring and Autumn Annals. 20(4), 47-54. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-2065.2018.04.007
Dong, Z. S. (1991). Chunqiu Fanlu (Ling Shu note). Zhonghua Book Company.
Duan, C. (2020). From "difference between Yi and Xia" to "Hua and Yi as one": an examination of the history of thought on the formation of the Chinese nation's community consciousness. Journal of South-China University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Science), 40(5), 1-8. doi:10.19898/j.cnki.42-1704/c.2020.05.001
Feng, Y. L. (2017). A brief history of Chinese philosophy. Cultural Developmenat Press.
Gan, C. S. (2018). Dong Zhongshu and the transition of Confucianism: Xu Fuguan’s study on Dong Zhongshu’s Gongyang theory. Journal of Hengshui University, 20(4), 24-38. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-2065.2018.04.005
Ge, Z. G. (2011). Zhai Zi China: rebuilding the historical discourse on "China". Zhonghua Book Company.
Han, C. H. (2019). Analysis of Dong Zhongshu's view of “Yixia”. Shanghai Normal University.
He, X. (2014). Commentaries on Gongyang Biography of Spring and Autumn Annals. Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House.
Hu, A. G. (2010). Hu’s biography of the Spring and Autumn Annals. Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House.
Hua, Y. G. (1992). Study on Dong Zhongshu's thought. Shanghai Social Sciences Press.
Huang, M. (2019). On the methodological problem in Dong Zhongshu’s study of Chunqiu: with the Relation of near-far and inner-outer as the center. Humanities & Social Sciences Journal of Hainan University, 37(1), 3-8. doi:10.15886/j.cnki.hnus.2019.01.002.
Huang, P. M. (2003). "The views on Yi and Xia" and "civilization circle" - a brief discussion on ethnic and cultural issues in the Qin and Han Dynasties. Zhejiang Social Sciences, (01), 147-153. doi:10.14167/j.zjss.2003.01.033
Jia, Y. (2020). Rethinking the “Hua-Yi” divide and the “grand unity” in Chinese history - a view from ancient state governance. Historiography Bimonthly, (5), 48-58.
Jiang, Z. (2023). An analysis of Dong Zhongshuren's theory from the perspective of Zhengyi Mingdao. History of Chinese Philosophy, (5), 33-40.
Kang, Y. W. (2007). Dong Zhongshu’s study of Spring and Autumn (Kang Youwei 's complete collection). Renmin University Press.
Kong, A. G., & Kong, Y. D. (1999). Shangshu Zhengyi(????). Peking University Press.
Kong, Y. D. (1999). Li Ji Zhengyi. Peking University Press.
Li, J. L. (2006). Ethical principle and mind noumenon -- the internal consistency of Confucian thoughts of "inner benevolence and outer righteousness" and "inner benevolence and righteousness". History of Chinese Philosophy, (4), 27-33.
Li, Z. G. (1990). On Dong Zhongshu's thought of heaven and man and its significance in cultural history. Tianjin Social Sciences, (5), 41-47. doi: 10.16240/j.cnki.1002-3976.1990.05.008.
Liang, S. M. (2021). Essentials of Chinese culture. The Commercial Press.
Liu, B. N. (1990). The Analects of Confucius ZhengYi. Zhonghua Book Company.
Liu, F. F. (2022). The rationale and dilemma of kings rule the world with benevolence and righteousness: on the inner tension of Dong Zhongshu's concept of the world. Journal of Anhui University (Philosophy of Social Science Edition), (3), 36-44. doi:10.13796/j.cnki.1001-5019.2011.03.004.
Liu, G. M. (2007). Dong Zhongshu's interpretation of Confucian classics and the philosophy of heaven. China Social Sciences Press.
Liu, W. Q. (1959). Old notes on the Chunqiu Zuozhuan. Science Publishing House.
Loewe, M. (2017). Dong Zhongshu, a Confucian heritage and the Chunqiu Fanlu. Hong Kong Zhonghua Book Company (Hong Kong) Limited.
Lou, Y. L. (2017). The fundamental spirit of Chinese culture. Zhonghua Book Company.
Lv, W. L. (2013). Formation of Chinese opinions on the world in ancient China and its institutional practice. China's Borderland History and Geography Studies, 23(3), 1-11.
Mao, H., & Zheng, X. (1999). Maoshi zhengyi. Peking University Press.
Mou. Z. S. (2006). The way of politics and the way of governance. Guangxi Normal University Press.
Nussbaum, M. C. (2003). Upheavals of thought: the intelligence of emotions. Cambridge University Press.
Peng, H. (2021). The pre-Qin ethnic historical worldview hook sinks - another discussion on the Zhou Dynasty "Yi Xia" discernment. Thing, 47(2), 1-11.
Queen, S. A.. (2010). From chronicle to classics - Dong Zhongshu’s hermeneutics from chronicle to canon. China University of Political Science and Law Press.
Sima, Q. (1959). Historical Records. Zhonghua Book Company.
Su, Y. (1992). Chunqiu Fanlu Yi Zheng. Zhonghua Book Company.
Tang, Y. J. (2011). History of Chinese Confucianism. Peking University Press.
Tian, G. L., & Ren, N. (2021). From different systems of Yi-Xia to integration of Hua-Yi “China” identity in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Journal of Yantai University (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 34(3), 77-84. doi: 10.13951/j.cnki.issn1002-3194.2021.03.009.
Wang, B. (2004). On "benevolence inside righteousness outside". History of Chinese Philosophy, (2), 29-34.
Wang, C. G. (2024). The evolution of times and the renewal of international order: observation and analysis based on materialistic view of history. Academic Frontier, (6), 26-43. doi:10.16619/j.cnki.rmltxsqy.2024.06.003
Wang, W. D. (2015). The creative interpretation on the Confucian view of Ren and Yi by Dong zhongshu’s Gongyang Study. Journal of Jilin Normal University (Humanities & Social Sciences Edition,43(1), 62-68. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-5674.2015.01.010.
Wang, W. S. (2023). Re-examination of Dong Zhongshu’s biography. Journal of Hebei University (Philosophy and Social Science), 48(5), 149-160. doi:10.3969/ji.ssn.1005-6378.2023.05.015.
Wang, Y. X. (1995). Commentary on Dong Zhongshu. Nanjing University Press.
Wang, Z. Z. (2022). On the interactive of the Yi and Xia. Social Sciences in China, (1), 132-157+207.
Xu, Z. Y. (2010). Me and others: the internal and external division in Chinese history. Life • Reading • New Knowledge Bookstore.
Yang, N. Q. (2021). A comparative analysis of view on "China", "Grand Unity", and "all-under-heaven". Historiography Bimonthly, (2), 73-87+158.
Yu, Z. P. (2013). Textual research of Dong Zhongshu's Spring and Autumn Ci. Shanghai Bookstore Press.
Yu, Z. P. (2014). The Spring and Autumn Gongyang Yi Xia theory: a Confucian design for a world order based on civilization and indoctrination. Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House.
Yu, Z. P. (2022). Approval of Yi Di and the diaspora is not a step in the right direction - the Spring and Autumn Annals "transformation of Yi and Xia" in the advancing Yi Di limits. Journal of the Party School of CPC Ningbo, 44(4), 46-55. doi:10.16444/j.cnki.cn33-1228/d.2022.04.005
Zeng, Y., & Guo, X. D. (2017). Gongyang Spring and Autumn learning history. East China Normal University Press.
Zeng, Z. Y. (2022). From the debates about Hua and Yi to the identification of values: re-examining the Confucian view of Tianxia. Journal of Historical Science, (6), 5-19.
Zhao, T. Y. (2005). The Tianxia system: an introduction to the philosophy of global institutions. Jiangsu Education Press.
Zhong, Z. P. (1978). Dong Zhongshu's philosophical thought and the study of modern classics in Han Dynasty. Literature, History, and Philosophy, (3), 52-57. doi: 10.16346/j.cnki.37-1101/c.1978.03.007.
Zhou, G. D. (1987). Dong Zhongshu's theory of benevolence and righteousness. Journal of Beijing Normal University, (1), 17-25.
Zhou, G. D. (2001). The truth of Dong Zhongshu's theory of human-to-heaven induction. Hebei Academic Journal, 21(3), 10-14.
Zhou, G. Y. (2021). The thousand-year legacy of "Tianxia doctrine" in ancient China: evolution, connotation, and features. Forum of World Economics & Politics, (2), 1-20.
Zhu, Y. J., & Wang, Z. C. (2012). A new translation of the Chunqiu Fanlu. Sanmin Book Store.
Zhu, X. (1983). Concourse of commentaries on the four books. Zhonghua Book Company.
Dai, C., & Abdullah1, S. (2024). Exploring Dong Zhongshu’s TianXia Worldview through the Principles of Benevolence and Righteousness. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(7), 2218–2233.
Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode