Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2226-3624

Waste Management System- A Comparative Study of Waste Management Systems in Malaysia and Canada

Syed Raziq Kamal Syed Nasir, Yusnita Yusof

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJAREMS/v13-i2/21244

Open access

Minimizing waste production is a top priority in waste management, as it has the least adverse impact on environmental sustainability by reducing materials entering solid waste or recycling streams. This study offers a comprehensive overview of Canada's waste management landscape, serving as a model for Malaysia. The analysis covers policies, waste diversion programs, reduction initiatives, disposal practices, and energy-from-waste projects. Many Canadian regions show promising possibilities in waste policy frameworks, suggesting the need for explicit waste disposal targets to enhance action on reduction and diversion. For construction, renovation, and demolition (CRD), individual producer responsibility is advocated over collective Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) due to industry distinctiveness. In Malaysia, dwindling disposal sites prompt the study, aiming to overcome challenges by assessing government recycling initiatives and addressing public indifference. While Malaysia faces disposal site shortages, the study recommends the adoption of successful Canadian waste management strategies. The article provides an insightful analysis of Municipal Waste Management (MWM) issues in Malaysia, offering a roadmap for both countries to navigate challenges and implement effective waste management practices.

Abas, N., Saleem, M. S., Kalair, E., & Khan, N. (2019). Cooperative control of regional transboundary air pollutants. Environmental Systems Research, 8, 1-14.
Agenda, I. (2015). Industrial internet of things: unleashing the potential of connected products and services. White Paper, in Collaboration with Accenture, 34.
Ahmad, I., Chelliapan, S., Abdullah, N., & Ahmad, M. D. (2019). Sanitary landfill is a solution in solid waste management or a silent threat to the environment: Malaysian scenario. Open International Journal of Informatics, 7(Special Issue 1), 135-146.
Ahmed, F., Hasan, S., Rana, M. S., & Sharmin, N. (2023). A conceptual framework for zero waste management in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20(2), 1887-1904.
Akhtar, N., Syakir Ishak, M. I., Bhawani, S. A., & Umar, K. (2021). Various natural and anthropogenic factors responsible for water quality degradation: A review. Water, 13(19), 2660.
Alam, M. M., & Siwar, C. (2015). Waste recycling in Malaysia: Transition from developing to developed country. Jereme, IA, Alam, MM, and Siwar, C, 1-14.
Alao, M. A., Popoola, O. M., & Ayodele, T. R. (2022). Waste-to-energy nexus: An overview of technologies and implementation for sustainable development. Cleaner Energy Systems, 100034.
Ammendolia, J., Saturno, J., Brooks, A. L., Jacobs, S., & Jambeck, J. R. (2021). An emerging source of plastic pollution: the environmental presence of plastic personal protective equipment (PPE) debris related to COVID-19 in a metropolitan city. Environmental Pollution, 269, 116160.
Andeobu, L., Wibowo, S., & Grandhi, S. (2022). Artificial intelligence applications for sustainable solid waste management practices in Australia: A systematic review. Science of The Total Environment, 834, 155389.
Aslam, B., Maqsoom, A., Tahir, M. D., Ullah, F., Rehman, M. S. U., & Albattah, M. (2022). Identifying and ranking landfill sites for municipal solid waste management: An integrated remote sensing and GIS approach. Buildings, 12(5), 605.
Austin, P. M., Gurran, N., & Whitehead, C. M. (2014). Planning and affordable housing in Australia, New Zealand, and England: common culture; different mechanisms. Journal of housing and the built environment, 29, 455-472.
Aziz, H. A., Abu Amr, S. S., Vesilind, P. A., Wang, L. K., & Hung, Y. T. (2021). Introduction to solid waste management. Solid Waste Engineering and Management: Volume 1, 1-84.
Babajide, L. S. (2021). The responsibility to rebuild in international law: a panacea for responsibility to protect? (Doctoral dissertation).
Baba-Nalikant, M., Syed-Mohamad, S. M., Husin, M. H., Abdullah, N. A., Mohamad Saleh, M. S., & Abdul Rahim, A. (2023). A Zero-Waste Campus Framework: Perceptions and Practices of University Campus Community in Malaysia. Recycling, 8(1), 21.
Balasbaneh, A. T., & Sher, W. (2021). Comparative sustainability evaluation of two engineered wood-based construction materials: Life cycle analysis of CLT versus GLT. Building and Environment, 204, 108112.
Bashir, M. J., Jun, Y. Z., Yi, L. J., Abushammala, M. F., Amr, S. S. A., & Pratt, L. M. (2020). Appraisal of student's awareness and practices on waste management and recycling in the Malaysian University's student hostel area. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 22, 916-927.
Bel, G., & Warner, M. E. (2015). Inter?municipal cooperation and costs: Expectations and evidence. Public Administration, 93(1), 52-67.
Blom-Hansen, J., Houlberg, K., Serritzlew, S., & Treisman, D. (2016). Jurisdiction size and local government policy expenditure: Assessing the effect of municipal amalgamation. American Political Science Review, 110(4), 812-831.
Bolingbroke, D., Ng, K. T. W., Vu, H. L., & Richter, A. (2021). Quantification of solid waste management system efficiency using input-output indices. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 23, 1015-1025.
Bonnet, F., Lahboubi, N., Habchi, S., & El Bari, H. (2023). Waste Management Institutional and Legislation Aspects in Developing Countries. In Waste Management in Developing Countries (pp. 91-109). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Busmah, M. R., Ab, N. N. A. Z. N., Kadir, N. N. A., Tawfeeq, T. A. S., Khisam, M. R. B., Shafie, F. A., ... & Mohamed, N. H. (2021). Environmental Health Law Enforcement: The Delivery of Environmental Health Services in Malaysia Series. MAEH Journal of Environmental Health, 3(1), 14-21.
Chen, H. L., Nath, T. K., Chong, S., Foo, V., Gibbins, C., & Lechner, A. M. (2021). The plastic waste problem in Malaysia: management, recycling, and disposal of local and global plastic waste. SN Applied Sciences, 3, 1-15.
Chi, Y., Dong, J., Tang, Y., Huang, Q., & Ni, M. (2015). Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste source-separated collection and integrated waste management systems in Hangzhou, China. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 17, 695-706.
Chin, J. (2020). Is Malaysia heading for 'BorneoExit'? Why some in East Malaysia are advocating for secession. The Conversation.
Chua, H. S., Bashir, M. J. K., Tan, K. T., & Chua, H. S. (2019, July). A sustainable pyrolysis technology for the treatment of municipal solid waste in Malaysia. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2124, No. 1). AIP Publishing.
Degenstein, L. M., McQueen, R. H., & Krogman, N. T. (2021). 'What goes where'? Characterizing Edmonton's municipal clothing waste stream and consumer clothing disposal. Journal of Cleaner Production, 296, 126516.
Doorga, J. R., Rughooputh, S. D., Chung, S. Y., & McGivern, A. (2022). A geospatial approach for addressing long-term solid waste management issues: Extracting value from waste—Journal of Cleaner Production, 334, 130282.
Easton, S., & Piper, C. (2019). Outsourcing punishment: A poisoned chalice? International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 58, 69-79.
Eidsvik, E. (2016). Colonial discourse and ambivalence: Norwegian participants on the colonial arena in South Africa. In Whiteness and postcolonialism in the Nordic region (pp. 13-28). Routledge.
El-Saadony, M. T., Saad, A. M., El-Wafai, N. A., Abou-Aly, H. E., Salem, H. M., Soliman, S. M., ... & AbuQamar, S. F. (2023). Hazardous wastes and management strategies of landfill leachates: A comprehensive review. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 103150.
Fatimah, Y. A., Govindan, K., Murniningsih, R., & Setiawan, A. (2020). Industry 4.0 based sustainable circular economy approach for smart waste management system to achieve sustainable development goals: A case study of Indonesia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 269, 122263.
Fauziah, S. H., & Agamuthu, P. (2012). Trends in sustainable landfilling in Malaysia, a developing country. Waste Management & Research, 30(7), 656-663.
Fazeli, A., Bakhtvar, F., Jahanshaloo, L., Sidik, N. A. C., & Bayat, A. E. (2016). Malaysia?'s stand on municipal solid waste conversion to energy: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 1007-1016.
Fedotkina, O., Gorbashko, E., & Vatolkina, N. (2019). Circular economy in Russia: Drivers and barriers for waste management development. Sustainability, 11(20), 5837.
Fenta, B. A. (2017). Waste management in the case of Bahir Dar City near Lake Tana shore in Northwestern Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 11(8), 393-412.
Flannery, W., Ellis, G., Ellis, G., Flannery, W., Nursey-Bray, M., van Tatenhove, J. P., ... & O'Hagan, A. M. (2016). Exploring the winners and losers of marine environmental governance/Marine spatial planning: "More than fishy business." Planning Theory & Practice, 17(1), 121-151.
Fund, S. (2015). Sustainable development goals. Available at this link: https://www. Un.org/sustainabledevelopment/inequality.
Gagnon, B., Tanguay, X., Amor, B., & Imbrogno, A. F. (2022). Forest products and circular economy strategies: A Canadian perspective. Energies, 15(3), 673.
Garske, B., Heyl, K., Ekardt, F., Weber, L. M., & Gradzka, W. (2020). Challenges of food waste governance: An assessment of European legislation on food waste and recommendations for improvement by economic instruments. Land, 9(7), 231.
Gervasi, O., Murgante, B., Pardede, E., & Apduhan, B. O. (2021). Computational Science and Its Applications-ICCSA 2021. Springer International Publishing.
Ghaffar, S. H., Burman, M., & Braimah, N. (2020). Pathways to circular construction: An integrated management of construction and demolition waste for resource recovery. Journal of cleaner production, 244, 118710.
Ghani, Nurul Akmar, Shamarina Shohaimi, Alvin Kah-Wei Hee, Hui-Yee Chee, Oguntade Emmanuel, and Lamidi Sarumoh Alaba Ajibola. "Comparison of knowledge, attitude, and practice among communities living in hotspot and non-hotspot areas of dengue in Selangor, Malaysia." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 1 (2019): 37.
Ghazali, F., Ansari, A. H., & Karim, R. (2021). A comparative study on legal frameworks on renewable energy in Malaysia and India: towards the commitments under the Paris Agreement. UUM Journal of Legal Studies (UUMJLS), 12(01), 93-118.
Ghosh, A., & Ng, K. T. W. (2021). Temporal and spatial distributions of waste facilities and solid waste management strategies in rural and urban Saskatchewan, Canada. Sustainability, 13(12), 6887.
Guillard, V., Gaucel, S., Fornaciari, C., Angellier-Coussy, H., Buche, P., & Gontard, N. (2018). The next generation of sustainable food packaging to preserve our environment in a circular economy context. Frontiers in nutrition, 5, 121.
Haberly, D. (2014). White knights from the gulf: Sovereign wealth fund investment and the evolution of German industrial finance. Economic Geography, 90(3), 293-320.
Harper, G., Sommerville, R., Kendrick, E., Driscoll, L., Slater, P., Stolkin, R., ... & Anderson, P. (2019). Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. nature, 575(7781), 75-86.
HaseHoch. (2023). Colorful map United States America vector image. VectorStock. https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/colorful-map-united-states-america-vector-27961880
Hassan, S. H., Halim, A. A., Yusoff, M. S., Wang, L. K., & Wang, M. H. S. (2021). Legislation for Solid Waste Management. Solid Waste Engineering and Management: Volume 1, 85-141.
He, R., Sandoval-Reyes, M., Scott, I., Semeano, R., Ferrao, P., Matthews, S., & Small, M. J. (2022). Global knowledge base for municipal solid waste management: Framework development and application in waste generation prediction. Journal of Cleaner Production, 377, 134501.
Hosseini, S. S., Tabar, M. A., Vankelecom, I. F., & Denayer, J. F. (2023). Progress in high performance membrane materials and processes for biogas production, upgrading, and conversion. Separation and Purification Technology, 123139.
Huang, S., Wang, H., Ahmad, W., Ahmad, A., Ivanovich Vatin, N., Mohamed, A. M., ... & Mehmood, I. (2022). Plastic waste management strategies and their environmental aspects: A scientometric analysis and comprehensive review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8), 4556.
Hussein, M., Yoneda, K., Mohd-Zaki, Z., Amir, A., & Othman, N. (2021). Heavy metals in leachate, impacted soils and natural soils of different landfills in Malaysia: An alarming threat. Chemosphere, 267, 128874.
Idumah, C. I., & Nwuzor, I. C. (2019). Novel trends in plastic waste management. SN Applied Sciences, 1, 1-14.
Ismail, H., & Hanafiah, M. M. (2021). Evaluation of e-waste management systems in Malaysia using life cycle assessment and material flow analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 308, 127358.
Jalil, N. A. A., Ahmad, I. K., Basri, H., Basri, N. E. A., Aziz, H. A., Wang, L. K., & Hung, Y. T. (2022). Biodrying of Municipal Solid Waste: A Case Study in Malaysia. In Solid Waste Engineering and Management: Volume 3 (pp. 375-434). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Jereme, I., Begum, R., Talib, B., Siwar, C., & Alam, M. M. (2015). Assessing problems and prospects of solid waste management in Malaysia. Jereme, IA, Siwar, C., Begum, RA, Talib, BA, and Alam, MM, 70-87.
Jorgensen, F. A. (2019). Recycling. MIT Press.
Kabirifar, K., Mojtahedi, M., Wang, C., & Tam, V. W. (2020). Construction and demolition waste management contributing factors coupled with reduce, reuse, and recycle strategies for effective waste management: A review—Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, 121265.
Kagan, R. A. (2019). Adversarial legalism: The American way of law. Harvard University Press.
Karim, R., Ghazali, F., & Ansari, A. H. (2020). Renewable Energy Regulations in Indonesia and India: A Comparative Study on Legal Framework. JILS, 5, 361.
Kasavan, S., Ali, N. I. M., & Masarudin, N. A. (2020). Quantification of solid waste in school canteens-a case study from a Hulu Selangor Municipality, Selangor. Planning Malaysia, 18.
Kathuria, V. (2022). 8 The role of the informal economy in solid waste management. The Informal Sector and the Environment.
Kaza, S., Yao, L., Bhada-Tata, P., & Van Woerden, F. (2018). What a waste 2.0: a global snapshot of solid waste management to 2050. World Bank Publications.
Khan, N., Ray, R. L., Sargani, G. R., Ihtisham, M., Khayyam, M., & Ismail, S. (2021). Current progress and future prospects of agriculture technology: Gateway to sustainable agriculture. Sustainability, 13(9), 4883.
Lai, Y. M. (2022). Sabah: Autonomy and integration within the Malaysian federation. In The Routledge Handbook of Comparative Territorial Autonomies (pp. 273-284). Routledge.
Lapidus, J. (2019). The quest for a divided welfare state: Sweden in the era of privatization. Springer Nature.
Law, K. L., Starr, N., Siegler, T. R., Jambeck, J. R., Mallos, N. J., & Leonard, G. H. (2020). The United States' contribution of plastic waste to land and ocean. Science advances, 6(44), eabd0288.
Li Yung Lung, J. Y., Tank, S. E., Spence, C., Yang, D., Bonsal, B., McClelland, J. W., & Holmes, R. M. (2018). Seasonal and geographic variation in dissolved carbon biogeochemistry of rivers draining to the Canadian Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 123(10), 3371-3386.
Li, H., Aguirre-Villegas, H. A., Allen, R. D., Bai, X., Benson, C. H., Beckham, G. T., ... & Huber, G. W. (2022). Expanding plastics recycling technologies: chemical aspects, technology status and challenges. Green Chemistry.
Liew, Z. R., Monir, M. U., & Kristanti, R. A. (2021). Scenario of municipal waste management in Malaysia. Industrial and Domestic Waste Management, 1(1), 41-47.
Luthra, A. (2019). Municipalization for privatization's sake: Municipal solid waste collection services in urban India. Society and Business Review, 14(2), 135-154.
Maiyaki, M. A., Marzuki, A., & Ahmed, A. A. (2019). Urban solid waste development: A review of Nigeria's waste management policy. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, Applied Sciences and Technologies, 11(5), 1-14.
Makarichi, L., Jutidamrongphan, W., & Techato, K. A. (2018). The evolution of waste-to-energy incineration: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 812-821.
Malaysia Map - Malaysia Peta - Maps Portal information. (2021). Malaysia Map - Malaysia Peta - Maps Portal. https://www.malaysiamap.org/home/
Marchildon, G. P., Allin, S., & Merkur, S. (2021). Health Systems in Transition Third Edition. University of Toronto Press.
Marello, M., & Helwege, A. (2018). Solid waste management and social inclusion of wastepickers: opportunities and challenges. Latin American Perspectives, 45(1), 108-129.
Martin, R. (2015). Harnessing low carbon pathways to thermal energy provision: A multi-case study of Metro Vancouver, BC. Royal Roads University (Canada)
Masdek, N. R. N., Wong, K. K. S., Nawi, N. M., Sharifuddin, J., & Wong, W. L. (2023). Antecedents of sustainable food waste management behaviour: Empirical evidence from urban households in Malaysia. Management & Marketing, 18(1), 53-77.
McCabe, B., Kroebel, R., Pezzaglia, M., Lukehurst, C., Lalonde, C., Wellisch, M., & Murphy, J. D. (2020). Integration of Anaerobic Digestion into Farming Systems in Australia, Canada, Italy, and the UK. In IEA Bioenergy Task (Vol. 37, No. 2020, p. 8).
McCoy, L. G., Smith, J., Anchuri, K., Berry, I., Pineda, J., Harish, V., ... & Fine, B. (2020). Characterizing early Canadian federal, provincial, territorial and municipal nonpharmaceutical interventions in response to COVID-19: a descriptive analysis. Canadian Medical Association Open Access Journal, 8(3), E545-E553.
McDonald, L., & Timoshkina, N. (2007). The life of trafficked sex workers from the former Eastern Bloc: The Canadian dimension. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 31(2), 211-243.
Meadows, D., & Randers, J. (2012). The limits to growth: the 30-year update. Routledge.
Mensah, D. (2022). Assessment of waste management system efficiencies and waste business characteristics of Canadian provinces (Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Regina).
Mensah, D., Karimi, N., Ng, K. T. W., Mahmud, T. S., Tang, Y., & Igoniko, S. (2023). Ranking Canadian waste management system efficiencies using three waste performance indicators. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(17), 51030-51041.
Millar, N., McLaughlin, E., & Börger, T. (2019). The circular economy: swings and roundabouts? Ecological economics, 158, 11-19.
Milmanda, B. F., & Garay, C. (2019). Subnational variation in forest protection in the Argentine Chaco. World Development, 118, 79-90.
Moh, Y. (2017). Solid waste management transformation and future challenges of source separation and recycling practice in Malaysia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 116, 1-14.
Moshood, T. D., Nawanir, G., Mahmud, F., bin Ahmad, M. H., Mohamad, F., & AbdulGhani, A. (2022). The plastic of the future: determinants for switching intention from synthetic to biodegradable plastics among the young consumers. Journal of Social Marketing, 13(1), 121-148.
Mukherjee, C., Denney, J., Mbonimpa, E. G., Slagley, J., & Bhowmik, R. (2020). A review on municipal solid waste-to-energy trends in the USA. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 119, 109512.
Nazari, L., Xu, C., Ray, M. B., Nazari, L., Xu, C., & Ray, M. B. (2021). Conventional Approaches for Waste Management—A Canadian Perspective. Advanced and Emerging Technologies for Resource Recovery from Wastes, 27-54.
Norouzi, O., & Dutta, A. (2022). The current status and future potential of biogas production from Canada's organic fraction municipal solid waste. Energies, 15(2), 475.
Olson, K. R., & Miller, G. A. (2020). St. Lawrence Seaway: Western Great Lakes Basin. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 12(8), 637-656.
Ooi, J. K., Woon, K. S., & Hashim, H. (2021). A multi-objective model to optimize country-scale municipal solid waste management with economic and environmental objectives: A case study in Malaysia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 316, 128366.
Opoleva, A. (2023). Toronto, Canada - October 11, 2017: The Kenworth T880 dump truck in the city of Toronto. Province of Ontario, Canada. 123RF. https://www.123rf.com/photo_89298229_toronto-canada-oct-11-2017-the-kenworth-t880-dump-truck-in-the-city-of-toronto-province-of.html
Ozbay, G., Jones, M., Gadde, M., Isah, S., & Attarwala, T. (2021). Design and operation of effective landfills with minimal effects on the environment and human health. Journal of environmental and public health, 2021.
Pal, M. S., & Bhatia, M. (2022). Current status, topographical constraints, and implementation strategy of municipal solid waste in India: a review. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15(12), 1176.
Pandit, P., Nadathur, G. T., & Jose, S. (2019). Upcycled and low-cost sustainable business for value-added textiles and fashion. In Circular Economy in Textiles and Apparel (pp. 95-122). Woodhead Publishing.
Qonitan, F. D., Suryawan, I. W. K., & Rahman, A. (2021, April). Overview of municipal solid waste generation and energy utilization potential in major cities of Indonesia. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1858, No. 1, p. 012064). IOP Publishing.
Ravichandran, D., & Selvaraj, J. (2021). Study On The Success And Limitations Of Feed In Tariff (Fit) Mechanism In Malaysia. International Journal of Renewable Energy Resources, 11(2), 44-56.
Ray, B. K., & Gilbert, A. (2020). Language continuities and ruptures in Ottawa-Gatineau, Canada. Handbook of the changing world language map, 1489-1508.
Ray, J. C., Grimm, J., & Olive, A. (2021). The biodiversity crisis in Canada: Failures and challenges of federal and sub-national strategic and legal frameworks. Facets, 6(1), 1044-1068.
Rezvani, S. M., Falcão, M. J., Komljenovic, D., & de Almeida, N. M. (2023). A Systematic Literature Review on Urban Resilience Enabled with Asset and Disaster Risk Management Approaches and GIS-Based Decision Support Tools. Applied Sciences, 13(4), 2223.
Richter, A. J. (2021). Improving Data Driven Canadian Waste Management Policy Using GIS, Remote Sensing, and Other Advanced Techniques. The University of Regina (Canada).
Richter, A., Ng, K. T., & Pan, C. (2018). Effects of percent operating expenditure on Canadian non-hazardous waste diversion. Sustainable Cities and Society, 38, 420-428.
Roberts, K. P., Turner, D. A., Coello, J., Stringfellow, A. M., Bello, I. A., Powrie, W., & Watson, G. V. (2018). SWIMS: A dynamic life cycle-based optimisation and decision support tool for solid waste management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 196, 547-563.
Ruiz, H. A., Conrad, M., Sun, S. N., Sanchez, A., Rocha, G. J., Romaní, A., ... & Meyer, A. S. (2020). Engineering aspects of hydrothermal pretreatment: From batch to continuous operation, scale-up and pilot reactor under biorefinery concept. Bioresource Technology, 299, 122685.
Shaban, A., Zaki, F. E., Afefy, I. H., Di Gravio, G., Falegnami, A., & Patriarca, R. (2022). An Optimization Model for the Design of a Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management System. Sustainability, 14(10), 6345.
Sharma, K. D., & Jain, S. (2020). Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management: the global scenario. Social Responsibility Journal, 16(6), 917-948.
Smith, A. (2018). The Historical Origins of Section 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867: A Study of Confederation's Political, Social and Economic Context. Can. Bus. LJ, 61, 205.
Smol, M., Duda, J., Czaplicka-Kotas, A., & Szo?drowska, D. (2020). Transformation towards circular economy (CE) in municipal waste management system: Model solutions for Poland. Sustainability, 12(11), 4561.
Soh, Z. H. C., Husa, M. A. A. H., Abdullah, S. A. C., & Shafie, M. A. (2019, April). Smart waste collection monitoring and alert system via IoT. In 2019 IEEE 9th symposium on computer applications & industrial electronics (ISCAIE) (pp. 50-54). IEEE.
Stachowitsch, M. (2018). The beachcomber's guide to marine debris. Springer.
Steenmans, K., Taylor, P., & Steenmans, I. (2021). Blockchain technology for governance of plastic waste management: Where are we? Social Sciences, 10(11), 434.
Stokes, L. C., & Breetz, H. L. (2020). 21. States of crisis: Subnational inaction on climate change in the United States. Handbook of US environmental policy, 289.
Su, B., Wang, H., Zhang, X., He, H., & Zheng, J. (2021). Using photovoltaic thermal technology to enhance biomethane generation via biogas upgrading in anaerobic digestion. Energy Conversion and Management, 235, 113965.
Swati, T. I., Vijay, V. K., & Ghosh, P. (2018). Scenario of landfilling in India: problems, challenges, and recommendations. Handbook of environmental materials management. Springer, Cham, 1-16.
SWM Environment collects 45 tonnes of post-flood waste in Johor. (2021). The Vibes. https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/13101/swm-environment-collects-45-tonnes-of-post-flood-waste-in-johor
Tang, K. H. D. (2020). Municipal solid waste management in the Sarawak state of Malaysia and the way forward. Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, 12(2), 38-55.
Tang, Y. Y., Tang, K. H. D., Maharjan, A. K., Aziz, A. A., & Bunrith, S. (2021). Malaysia moving towards a sustainability municipal waste management. Industrial and Domestic Waste Management, 1(1), 26-40.
Thapa, P., Hasnine, M. T., Zoungrana, A., Thakur, S., & Yuan, Q. (2022). Food waste treatments and the impact of composting on carbon footprint in Canada. Fermentation, 8(10), 566.
Thöni, V., & Matar, S. K. (2019). Solid Waste Management.
Tiew, K. G., Basri, N. E. A., Watanabe, K., Zain, S. M., Er, A. C., & Deng, H. (2019). Higher educational institutions recycling management in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Society, 20(1), 277-285.
Umar, U. A., Shafiq, N., & Ahmad, F. A. (2021). A case study on the effective implementation of the reuse and recycling of construction & demolition waste management practices in Malaysia. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12(1), 283-291.
Urrutia, D., Manetti, E., Williamson, M., & Lequy, E. (2021). Overview of Canada's answer to the COVID-19 pandemic's first wave (January–April 2020). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 7131.
Vanapalli, K. R., Sharma, H. B., Ranjan, V. P., Samal, B., Bhattacharya, J., Dubey, B. K., & Goel, S. (2021). Challenges and strategies for effective plastic waste management during and post COVID-19 pandemic—Science of The Total Environment, 750, 141514.
Vasigh, B., & Rowe, Z. C. (2019). Foundations of airline finance: Methodology and practice. Routledge.
Wils, W. (2002). The Optimal Enforcement of EC Antitrust Law: A Study in Law and Economics (Vol. 33). Kluwer Law International BV.
Windfeld, E. S., & Brooks, M. S. L. (2015). Medical waste management–A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 163, 98-108.
Wynes, S., & Nicholas, K. A. (2017). The climate mitigation gap: Education and government recommendations miss the most effective individual actions. Environmental Research Letters, 12(7), 074024.
Xavier, L. H., Ottoni, M., & Lepawsky, J. (2021). Circular economy and e-waste management in the Americas: Brazilian and Canadian frameworks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 297, 126570.
Yong, Z. J., Bashir, M. J., Ng, C. A., Sethupathi, S., Lim, J. W., & Show, P. L. (2019). Sustainable waste-to-energy development in Malaysia: Appraisal of environmental, financial, and public issues related with energy recovery from municipal solid waste. Processes, 7(10), 676.
Zamri, M. F. M. A., Hasmady, S., Akhiar, A., Ideris, F., Shamsuddin, A. H., Mofijur, M., ... & Mahlia, T. M. I. (2021). A comprehensive review on anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 137, 110637.
Zhang, B., Cao, C., Gu, J., & Liu, T. (2016). A new environmental protection law, many old problems? Challenges to environmental governance in China. Journal of Environmental Law, 28(2), 325-335.
Zhou, D., Tian, Y., & Jiang, G. (2018). Spatio-temporal investigation of the interactive relationship between urbanization and ecosystem services: Case study of the Jingjinji urban agglomeration, China. Ecological indicators, 95, 152-164.

(Nasir & Yusof, 2024)
Nasir, S. R. K. S., & Yusof, Y. (2024). Waste Management System- A Comparative Study of Waste Management Systems in Malaysia and Canada. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management and Sciences, 13(2), 115–134.