The Effect of Perceived Organizational Support (POS) on Training Outcomes at the Jordanian Social Security Corporation (SSC): The Psychological Safety as a Mediating Variable

Aguinis, H., & Kraiger, K. (2009). Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society. Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), 451–474.
Ahmad, K. Z., & Yekta, Z. A. (2010). Relationship between perceived organizational support, leadership behavior, and job satisfaction: An empirical study in Iran. Intangible Capital, 6(2), 162–184.
Al-Azzam, Z. (2022). Human resource development and organizational performance in public institutions in Jordan. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 32(1), 56–72..
Al-Azzam, Z. (2022). The impact of human capital development on public sector performance in Jordan. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 35(2), 278–293. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-09-2021-0223
Al-Azzam, Z. F. (2022). Human resource development and training effectiveness: The mediating role of employee engagement. Journal of Management Development, 41(3), 213–228. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-10-2020-0313
Ali, A. J., & Farooqi, Y. A. (2014). Effect of organizational support on training transfer: Evidence from public sector of Pakistan. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(20), 80–85.
Ali, A. J., & Farooqi, Y. A. (2014). Organizational justice and employee outcomes: A review and implications for future research. International Journal of Management and Sustainability, 3(6), 321–335.
Al-Khatib, H., & Abu-Shanab, E. (2020). E-learning and workforce development in Jordan’s public sector: A study of age and experience as moderating factors. International Journal of Training and Development, 24(3), 221–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12186
Al-Qahtani, M., & Mohammad, Y. (2020). The impact of demographic variables on training effectiveness: Evidence from Saudi public administration. Middle East Journal of Management, 7(2), 134–150.
Al-Tahat, M. D., & Al-Ma’aitah, H. A. (2021). Evaluating training effectiveness in Jordanian government institutions. Jordan Journal of Applied Sciences, 23(1), 87–105.
Al-Zoubi, M., & Almajali, D. (2017). Gender-based challenges in training access in Jordan’s public sector. Arab Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(1), 23–41.
Baer, M., & Frese, M. (2003). Innovation is not enough: Climates for initiative and psychological safety, process innovations, and firm performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(1), 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.179
Baldwin, T. T., & Ford, J. K. (1988). Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research. Personnel Psychology, 41(1), 63–105.
Baran, B. E., Shanock, L. R., & Miller, L. R. (2012). Advancing organizational support theory into the twenty-first century world of work. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(2), 123–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-011-9236-3
Bartlett, K. R. (2001). The relationship between training and organizational commitment: A study in the health care field. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12(4), 335–352. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.1001
Birdi, K., Allan, C., & Warr, P. (1997). Correlates and perceived outcomes of 4 types of employee development activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 845–857. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.6.845
Blanchard, P. N., & Thacker, J. W. (2013). Effective training: Systems, strategies, and practices (5th ed.). Pearson.
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
Brockner, J., Siegel, P. A., Daly, J. P., Tyler, T., & Martin, C. (2021). When trust matters: The moderating effect of outcome favorability. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 164, 254–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.10.005
Carmeli, A., Dutton, J. E., & Hardin, A. E. (2022). Respect as an engine of employee engagement: The role of supportive leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 43(2), 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2579
Chiaburu, D. S., & Tekleab, A. G. (2005). Individual and contextual influences on multiple dimensions of training effectiveness. Journal of European Industrial Training, 29(8), 604–626.
Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O., & Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 425–445.
Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., & Noe, R. A. (2000). Toward an integrative theory of training motivation: A meta-analytic path analysis of 20 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5), 678–707. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.5.678
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2012). Social role theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 458–476). Sage.
Eby, L. T., Adams, D. M., Russell, J. E. A., & Gaby, S. H. (2000). Perceptions of organizational readiness for change: Factors related to employees’ reactions to the implementation of team-based selling. Human Relations, 53(3), 419–442.
Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
Edmondson, A. C., & Bransby, T. (2023). The fearless organization: Creating psychological safety in the workplace for learning, innovation, and growth (2nd ed.). Wiley.
Edmondson, A. C., & Lei, Z. (2014). Psychological safety: The history, renaissance, and future of an interpersonal construct. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 23–43.
Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 42–51.
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500–507.
Eisenberger, R., Jones, J. R., Aselage, J., & Sucharski, I. L. (2001). Perceived organizational support. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Justice in the workplace: From theory to practice (Vol. 2, pp. 145–164). Erlbaum.
Eisenberger, R., Jones, J. R., Aselage, J., & Sucharski, I. L. (2001). Perceived organizational support. In R. M. Kramer & K. S. Cook (Eds.), Trust and Distrust in Organizations: Dilemmas and Approaches (pp. 139–164). Russell Sage Foundation.
Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I. L., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Perceived supervisor support: Contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 565–573.
Elnaga, A., & Imran, A. (2013). The effect of training on employee performance. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(4), 137–147.
Frazier, M. L., Fainshmidt, S., Klinger, R. L., Pezeshkan, A., & Vracheva, V. (2017). Psychological safety: A meta?analytic review and extension. Personnel Psychology, 70(1), 113–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12183
Goldstein, I. L., & Ford, J. K. (2002). Training in organizations: Needs assessment, development, and evaluation (4th ed.). Wadsworth.
Grossman, R., & Salas, E. (2011). The transfer of training: What really matters. International Journal of Training and Development, 15(2), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2419.2011.00373.x
Gujarati, D. N. (2004). Basic Econometrics. New York. McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Holton, E. F., Bates, R. A., & Ruona, W. E. A. (2000). Development of a generalized learning transfer system inventory. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 11(4), 333–360.
Jordan Vision 2033. (2022). Economic Modernization Vision. Government of Jordan. Retrieved from https://www.emv.gov.jo
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.5465/256287
Kirkpatrick, D. L., & Kirkpatrick, J. D. (2006). Evaluating training programs: The four levels (3rd ed.). Berrett-Koehler.
Knowles, M. S. (1984). The adult learner: A neglected species (3rd ed.). Gulf Publishing.
Kottke, J. L., & Sharafinski, C. E. (1988). Measuring perceived supervisory and organizational support. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48(4), 1075–1079.
Kraiger, K., Ford, J. K., & Salas, E. (1993). Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 311–328.
Kurtessis, J. N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. C., Stewart, K. A., & Adis, C. S. (2017). Perceived organizational support: A meta-analytic evaluation of organizational support theory. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1854–1884. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315575554
Li, X., Liang, J., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Psychological safety climate and employee learning behavior: A moderated mediation model. Human Resource Development International, 25(3), 273–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2022.2052475
Liang, J., Farh, C. I. C., & Farh, J. L. (2021). Psychological antecedents of voice: The joint effects of psychological safety and prosocial motivation. Academy of Management Journal, 64(4), 1038–1060. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2018.1305
Lim, D. H., & Johnson, S. D. (2002). Trainee perceptions of factors that influence learning transfer. International Journal of Training and Development, 6(1), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2419.00148
Lim, D. H., & Morris, M. L. (2006). Influence of trainee characteristics, instructional satisfaction, and organizational climate on perceived learning and training transfer. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 19(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-8327.2006.tb00360.x
Maurer, T. J. (2001). Career-relevant learning and development, worker age, and beliefs about self-efficacy for development. Journal of Management, 27(2), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630102700201
McLagan, P. A. (1989). Models for HRD practice. Training and Development Journal, 43(9), 49–59.
Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 27(3), 521–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.11.003
Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2008). The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 392–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.392
Nguyen, M., Tran, H., & Huynh, T. (2021). Exploring the impact of demographic characteristics on post-training job performance: Evidence from the IT sector. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Development, 9(2), 78–95. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhrss.2021.92006
Noe, R. A. (2017). Employee training and development (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Noe, R. A., Clarke, A. D. M., & Klein, H. J. (2014). Learning in the twenty-first-century workplace. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 245–275. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091321
Phillips, J. J., & Phillips, P. P. (2016). Handbook of training evaluation and measurement methods (4th ed.). Routledge.
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714.
Riggle, R. J., Edmondson, D. R., & Hansen, J. D. (2009). A meta-analysis of the relationship between perceived organizational support and job outcomes: 20 years of research. Journal of Business Research, 62(10), 1027–1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.05.003
Saks, A. M., & Belcourt, M. (2006). An investigation of training activities and transfer of training in organizations. Human Resource Management, 45(4), 629–648. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20135
Saks, A. M., & Burke, L. A. (2012). An investigation into the relationship between training evaluation and the transfer of training. International Journal of Training and Development, 16(2), 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2419.2011.00397.x
Saks, A. M., & Burke-Smalley, L. A. (2014). Is transfer of training related to firm performance? International Journal of Training and Development, 18(2), 104–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12029
Saks, A. M., & Haccoun, R. R. (2022). Managing performance through training and development (8th ed.). Toronto: Nelson Education.
Salas, E., Tannenbaum, S. I., Kraiger, K., & Smith-Jentsch, K. A. (2012). The science of training and development in organizations: What matters in practice. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(2), 74–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612436661
Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: a Skill-Building Approach. Wiley & Sons. West Sessex.
Shanock, L. R., & Eisenberger, R. (2006). When supervisors feel supported: Relationships with subordinates' perceived supervisor support, perceived organizational support, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(3), 689–695.
Siemsen, E., Roth, A. V., & Balasubramanian, S. (2009). How motivation, opportunity, and ability drive knowledge sharing: The constraining-factor model. Journal of Operations Management, 27(3), 234–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2008.09.001
Sitzmann, T., & Weinhardt, J. M. (2019). Training engagement theory: A multilevel perspective on the effectiveness of work-related training. Journal of Management, 45(2), 609–640. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316655853
Sitzmann, T., Brown, K. G., Casper, W. J., Ely, K., & Zimmerman, R. D. (2008). A review and meta-analysis of the relationship between employee reactions to training and learning outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 528–545. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.528
Sitzmann, T., Kraiger, K., Stewart, D., & Wisher, R. (2006). The comparative effectiveness of web-based and classroom instruction: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 59(3), 623–664.
Tai, W. T. (2006). Effects of training framing, general self-efficacy and training motivation on trainees’ training effectiveness. Personnel Review, 35(1), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480610636786
Tannenbaum, S. I., & Yukl, G. (1992). Training and development in work organizations. Annual Review of Psychology, 43(1), 399–441. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.43.020192.002151
Tracey, J. B., & Tews, M. J. (2005). Construct validity of a general training climate scale. Organizational Research Methods, 8(4), 353–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105280055
UNDP. (2021). Gender Equality and the Public Sector in Jordan. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/jordan
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2021). Public Sector Reform and Institutional Capacity Development in Jordan: Strategic Priorities and Pathways. UNDP Jordan. https://www.undp.org/jordan
Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 82–111.
Wognum, I., & Bartlett, K. R. (2002). An examination of HRD practices in strategic learning-oriented organizations. International Journal of Training and Development, 6(2), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2419.00151
Zhang, Y., & Yu, L. (2023). Meta-analysis of demographic moderators in training effectiveness: An East Asian perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 61(1), 45–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12357
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., Taylor, M. S., Lee, C., & Lam, W. (2020). Not just a mentor: The impact of support climate and transformational leadership on psychological safety and learning behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(2), 158–172.

Hijazi, H. A. (2025). The Effect of Perceived Organizational Support (POS) on Training Outcomes at the Jordanian Social Security Corporation (SSC): The Psychological Safety as a Mediating Variable. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 15(2), 398–438.

Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode