ISSN: 2226-6348
Open access
This study explores the factors influencing mentoring relationships in Malaysian higher education institutions (HEIs) from both mentors’ and mentees’ perspectives. Using a qualitative single case study, data were collected from 12 participants—six experienced mentors and six new academic staff—through semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis revealed four key themes: informal mentorship dynamics, emotional bonding, affective encouragement, and an integrated collegial environment. Findings highlight the crucial role of emotional bonding, particularly in same-gender informal mentoring, in fostering effective relationships. Additionally, mentor-mentee matching, gender roles, and local cultural norms significantly shape mentorship experiences. The study underscores the need for mentorship programs that incorporate inclusivity, cultural sensitivity, and open dialogue to ensure meaningful interactions. By strengthening emotional reinforcement and collegial ties, Malaysian HEIs can enhance mentoring programs, facilitating the professional development and acclimation of new academic staff. Grounded in attachment theory, this research provides valuable insights into fostering positive mentoring relationships, offering guidance for structured, culturally attuned programs that support long-term career success.
Adu, P., & Miles, D. A. (2023). Dissertation research methods: A step-by-step guide to writing up your research in the social sciences. Taylor & Francis.
Asmawi, A., & Jaladin, R. A. M. (2018). Higher education system in Malaysia: Exploring strategic trends and challenges in policy implementation for new Malaysia. MOJEM: Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management, 6(4), 56-77. https://doi.org/10.22452/mojem.vol6no4.4
Aylor, M., Cruz, M., Narayan, A., Yu, C. C., Lopreiato, J., Mann, K. J., ... & Spector, N. D. (2016). Optimizing your mentoring relationship: A toolkit for mentors and mentees. MedEdPORTAL, 12, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10459
Barrett, J. L., Mazerolle, S. M., & Nottingham, S. L. (2017). Attributes of effective mentoring relationships for novice faculty members: Perspectives of mentors and mentees. Athletic Training Education Journal, 12(2), 152-162. https://doi.org/10.4085/1202152
Blake-Beard, S. D. O? Neill, RM, & McGowan, EM (2007). Blind dates? The importance of matching in successful formal mentoring relationships. The handbook of mentoring at work: Theory, research, and practice, 617-633.
Boswell, J. N., Wilson, A. D., Stark, M. D., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2015). The role of mentoring relationships in counseling programs. International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 4(3), 168-183. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMCE-03-2015-0007
Bowlby, J. (1979). The Bowlby-Ainsworth attachment theory. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 2(4), 637-638. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00064955
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). To saturate or not to saturate? Questioning data saturation as a useful concept for thematic analysis and sample-size rationales. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 13(2), 201-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1704846
Carmel, R. G., & Paul, M. W. (2015). Mentoring and coaching in academia: Reflections on a mentoring/coaching relationship. Policy Futures in Education, 13(4), 479-491. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210315578562
Chen, Y., Watson, R., & Hilton, A. (2016). A review of mentorship measurement tools. Nurse Education Today, 40, 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2016.01.020
Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic analysis. The journal of Positive Psychology, 12(3), 297-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1262613
Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson.
De Ossorno Garcia, S., & Doyle, L. (2021). The mentoring relation as an interpersonal process in EDUCATE: A qualitative case study of mentor-mentee perspectives. Research for All, 5(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.14324/RFA.05.1.04
Early, S. L. (2020). Relational leadership reconsidered: The mentor–protégé connection. Journal of Leadership Studies, 13(4), 57-61. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21671
Holt, D. T., Markova, G., Dhaenens, A. J., Marler, L. E., & Heilmann, S. G. (2016). Formal or informal mentoring: What drives employees to seek informal mentors? Journal of Managerial Issues, 28(1/2), 67-82. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44114733
Huda, M., Maseleno, A., Shahrill, M., Jasmi, K. A., Mustari, I., & Basiron, B. (2017). Exploring adaptive teaching competencies in big data era. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 12(3), 68-83. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v12i03.6434
Hudson, P. (2016). Forming the mentor-mentee relationship. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 24(1), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2016.1163637
Irby, B. J., Boswell, J. N., Hewitt, K. K., Lynch, J., Abdelrahman, N., & Jeong, S. H. (2017). The mentoring relationship. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 25(2), 119-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2017.1337367
Ismail, A., Rahman, I. A., Erhan, T., Uzunbacak, H. H., & Akçakanat, T. (2022). Relationship between mentoring support, mentees’ self-efficacy and mentees’ academic achievement: A case of Malaysia. Resmilitaris, 12(6), 2294-2308.
Ismail, A., Khian Jui, M. K., & Shah, N. Z. (2011). The relationship between gender type in mentorship and mentees’ advancement: An empirical study in Malaysia. Theoretical & Applied Economics, 18(4), 111-128.
Ismail, A., Sham, F. M., Abdullah, N. A., & Jui, M. K. K. (2015). Effect of mentoring program on mentees’ academic performance from an Islamic perspective. Islamiyyat: International Journal of Islamic Studies, 37(1), 29-38.
Janssen, S., Van Vuuren, M., & De Jong, M. D. (2016). Informal mentoring at work: A review and suggestions for future research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 18(4), 498-517. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12069
Jyoti, J., & Sharma, P. (2015). Impact of mentoring functions on career development: Moderating role of mentoring culture and mentoring structure. Global Business Review, 16(4), 700-718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150915581110
Kamarudin, M. A. I., Kamarruddin, N. N. A., Ramli, A., & Murad, S. M. A. (2023). The challenges and issues faced by the new appointed academic staff of the university in the emerging market. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i1.1158
Kao, K. Y., Rogers, A., Spitzmueller, C., Lin, M. T., & Lin, C. H. (2014). Who should serve as my mentor? The effects of mentor’s gender and supervisory status on resilience in mentoring relationships. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(2), 191-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.07.004
Ledford, J. R., & Gast, D. L. (2018). Single case research methodology (p. 377). Routledge.
Li, S., Malin, J. R., & Hackman, D. G. (2018). Mentoring supports and mentoring across difference: Insights from mentees. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 26(5), 563-584. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2018.1561020
Lunsford, L., Baker, V., & Pifer, M. (2018). Faculty mentoring faculty: Career stages, relationship quality, and job satisfaction. International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 7(2), 139-154. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMCE-08-2017-0055
Lunsford, L. G., Crisp, G., Dolan, E. L., & Wuetherick, B. (2017). Mentoring in higher education. The SAGE Handbook of Mentoring, 20, 316-334.
Malaysian Qualifications Agency. (2014). Guidelines to good practices: Academic staff. https://www.mqa.gov.my
Masalimova, A. R., Sadovaya, V. V., & Flores, R. D. (2016). Guidelines for mentoring optimization. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(7), 1597-1602. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijese.2016.365a
Menges, C. (2016). Toward improving the effectiveness of formal mentoring programs: Matching by personality matters. Group & Organization Management, 41(1), 98-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601115579567
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2020). Applications of attachment theory and research: The blossoming of relationship science. Routledge.
Mohammadi, S., & Karupiah, P. (2020). Quality of work life and academic staff performance: A comparative study in public and private universities in Malaysia. Studies in Higher Education, 45(6), 1093-1107. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1652808
Mok, K. H. (2015). Higher education transformations for global competitiveness: Policy responses, social consequences and impact on the academic profession in Asia. Higher Education Policy, 28(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1057/hep.2014.27
Montgomery, B. L. (2017). Mapping a mentoring roadmap and developing a supportive network for strategic career advancement. Sage Open, 7(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017710288
Mukhtar, K., Usman, J., Malik, K. A., Qasim, M. A., Mukhtar, M., & Shahid, U. (2023). Challenges of mentoring program: Perceived by the stakeholders. JSMDC, 9(2), 92-96.
Ospina, N. S., & Medina, S. L. (2020). Living and teaching internationally: Teachers talk about personal experiences, benefits, and challenges. Journal of Research in International Education, 19(1), 38-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240920915013
Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage.
Quek, G. (2017). How to match mentors and mentees effectively. In Coaching and Mentoring in the Asia Pacific (pp. 214-221). Routledge.
Quintão, C., Andrade, P., & Almeida, F. (2020). How to improve the validity and reliability of a case study approach? Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 9(2), 264-275. https://doi.org/10.32674/jise.v9i2.2026
Ragins, B. R., & Kram, K. E. (Eds.). (2007). The handbook of mentoring at work: Theory, research, and practice. Sage.
Ragins, B. R., & Verbos, A. K. (2017). Positive relationships in action: Relational mentoring and mentoring schemas in the workplace. In Exploring positive relationships at work (pp. 91-116). Psychology Press.
Sanyal, C. (2017). The effective mentor, mentee, and mentoring relationship. In The SAGE handbook of mentoring (pp. 143-155). SAGE.
Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., ... & Jinks, C. (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: Exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & Quantity, 52, 1893-1907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8
Schriever, V., & Grainger, P. (2019). Mentoring an early career researcher: insider perspectives from the mentee and mentor. Reflective Practice, 20(6), 720-731. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2019.1674272
Siggelkow, N. (2007). Persuasion with case studies. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 20-24. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.24160882
Sherif, K., Nan, N., & Brice, J. (2020). Career success in academia. Career Development International, 25(6), 597-616. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-09-2019-0232
Sorkness, C. A., Pfund, C., Ofili, E. O., Okuyemi, K. S., Vishwanatha, J. K., National Research Mentoring Network team, ... & Womack, V. (2017). A new approach to mentoring for research careers: the National Research Mentoring Network. BMC Proceedings, 11, 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12919-017-0083-8
Taylor, T. A. (2019). Exploring ethical mentorship as leadership within an Islamic ethic of care. Journal of Women and Gender in Higher Education, 12(1), 54-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407882.2018.1500294
Turban, D. B., & Lee, F. K. (2007). The role of personality in mentoring relationships. The Handbook of Mentoring at Work: Theory, Research, and Practice, 9, 21-50.
Vikaraman, S. S., Mansor, A. N., & Hamzah, M. I. M. (2017). Mentoring and coaching practices for beginner teachers—A need for mentor coaching skills training and principal’s support. Creative Education, 8(1), 156-169. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2017.81013
Wang, S., Greenberger, D. B., Noe, R. A., & Fan, J. (2017). The development of mentoring relationships: an attachment theory perspective. In Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management (pp. 53-101). Emerald Publishing Limited.
Welsh, E. T., & Diehn, E. W. (2018). Mentoring and gender: perception is not reality. Career Development International, 23(4), 346-359. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2017-0198
Williamson, S., Lawrence, E., Lyons, M. D., & Deutsch, N. L. (2020). What mentees bring: Relationship characteristics pre-mentoring and mentoring relationship satisfaction. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 40(7), 996-1022. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431619891251
Yip, J., Ehrhardt, K., Black, H., & Walker, D. O. (2018). Attachment theory at work: A review and directions for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(2), 185-198. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2204
Adu, P., & Miles, D. A. (2023). Dissertation research methods: A step-by-step guide to writing up your research in the social sciences. Taylor & Francis.
Asmawi, A., & Jaladin, R. A. M. (2018). Higher education system in Malaysia: Exploring strategic trends and challenges in policy implementation for new Malaysia. MOJEM: Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management, 6(4), 56-77. https://doi.org/10.22452/mojem.vol6no4.4
Aylor, M., Cruz, M., Narayan, A., Yu, C. C., Lopreiato, J., Mann, K. J., ... & Spector, N. D. (2016). Optimizing your mentoring relationship: A toolkit for mentors and mentees. MedEdPORTAL, 12, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10459
Barrett, J. L., Mazerolle, S. M., & Nottingham, S. L. (2017). Attributes of effective mentoring relationships for novice faculty members: Perspectives of mentors and mentees. Athletic Training Education Journal, 12(2), 152-162. https://doi.org/10.4085/1202152
Blake-Beard, S. D. O? Neill, RM, & McGowan, EM (2007). Blind dates? The importance of matching in successful formal mentoring relationships. The handbook of mentoring at work: Theory, research, and practice, 617-633.
Boswell, J. N., Wilson, A. D., Stark, M. D., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2015). The role of mentoring relationships in counseling programs. International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 4(3), 168-183. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMCE-03-2015-0007
Bowlby, J. (1979). The Bowlby-Ainsworth attachment theory. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 2(4), 637-638. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00064955
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). To saturate or not to saturate? Questioning data saturation as a useful concept for thematic analysis and sample-size rationales. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 13(2), 201-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1704846
Carmel, R. G., & Paul, M. W. (2015). Mentoring and coaching in academia: Reflections on a mentoring/coaching relationship. Policy Futures in Education, 13(4), 479-491. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210315578562
Chen, Y., Watson, R., & Hilton, A. (2016). A review of mentorship measurement tools. Nurse Education Today, 40, 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2016.01.020
Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic analysis. The journal of Positive Psychology, 12(3), 297-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1262613
Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson.
De Ossorno Garcia, S., & Doyle, L. (2021). The mentoring relation as an interpersonal process in EDUCATE: A qualitative case study of mentor-mentee perspectives. Research for All, 5(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.14324/RFA.05.1.04
Early, S. L. (2020). Relational leadership reconsidered: The mentor–protégé connection. Journal of Leadership Studies, 13(4), 57-61. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21671
Holt, D. T., Markova, G., Dhaenens, A. J., Marler, L. E., & Heilmann, S. G. (2016). Formal or informal mentoring: What drives employees to seek informal mentors? Journal of Managerial Issues, 28(1/2), 67-82. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44114733
Huda, M., Maseleno, A., Shahrill, M., Jasmi, K. A., Mustari, I., & Basiron, B. (2017). Exploring adaptive teaching competencies in big data era. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 12(3), 68-83. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v12i03.6434
Hudson, P. (2016). Forming the mentor-mentee relationship. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 24(1), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2016.1163637
Irby, B. J., Boswell, J. N., Hewitt, K. K., Lynch, J., Abdelrahman, N., & Jeong, S. H. (2017). The mentoring relationship. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 25(2), 119-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2017.1337367
Ismail, A., Rahman, I. A., Erhan, T., Uzunbacak, H. H., & Akçakanat, T. (2022). Relationship between mentoring support, mentees’ self-efficacy and mentees’ academic achievement: A case of Malaysia. Resmilitaris, 12(6), 2294-2308.
Ismail, A., Khian Jui, M. K., & Shah, N. Z. (2011). The relationship between gender type in mentorship and mentees’ advancement: An empirical study in Malaysia. Theoretical & Applied Economics, 18(4), 111-128.
Ismail, A., Sham, F. M., Abdullah, N. A., & Jui, M. K. K. (2015). Effect of mentoring program on mentees’ academic performance from an Islamic perspective. Islamiyyat: International Journal of Islamic Studies, 37(1), 29-38.
Janssen, S., Van Vuuren, M., & De Jong, M. D. (2016). Informal mentoring at work: A review and suggestions for future research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 18(4), 498-517. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12069
Jyoti, J., & Sharma, P. (2015). Impact of mentoring functions on career development: Moderating role of mentoring culture and mentoring structure. Global Business Review, 16(4), 700-718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150915581110
Kamarudin, M. A. I., Kamarruddin, N. N. A., Ramli, A., & Murad, S. M. A. (2023). The challenges and issues faced by the new appointed academic staff of the university in the emerging market. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i1.1158
Kao, K. Y., Rogers, A., Spitzmueller, C., Lin, M. T., & Lin, C. H. (2014). Who should serve as my mentor? The effects of mentor’s gender and supervisory status on resilience in mentoring relationships. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(2), 191-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.07.004
Ledford, J. R., & Gast, D. L. (2018). Single case research methodology (p. 377). Routledge.
Li, S., Malin, J. R., & Hackman, D. G. (2018). Mentoring supports and mentoring across difference: Insights from mentees. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 26(5), 563-584. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2018.1561020
Lunsford, L., Baker, V., & Pifer, M. (2018). Faculty mentoring faculty: Career stages, relationship quality, and job satisfaction. International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 7(2), 139-154. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMCE-08-2017-0055
Lunsford, L. G., Crisp, G., Dolan, E. L., & Wuetherick, B. (2017). Mentoring in higher education. The SAGE Handbook of Mentoring, 20, 316-334.
Malaysian Qualifications Agency. (2014). Guidelines to good practices: Academic staff. https://www.mqa.gov.my
Masalimova, A. R., Sadovaya, V. V., & Flores, R. D. (2016). Guidelines for mentoring optimization. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(7), 1597-1602. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijese.2016.365a
Menges, C. (2016). Toward improving the effectiveness of formal mentoring programs: Matching by personality matters. Group & Organization Management, 41(1), 98-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601115579567
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2020). Applications of attachment theory and research: The blossoming of relationship science. Routledge.
Mohammadi, S., & Karupiah, P. (2020). Quality of work life and academic staff performance: A comparative study in public and private universities in Malaysia. Studies in Higher Education, 45(6), 1093-1107. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1652808
Mok, K. H. (2015). Higher education transformations for global competitiveness: Policy responses, social consequences and impact on the academic profession in Asia. Higher Education Policy, 28(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1057/hep.2014.27
Montgomery, B. L. (2017). Mapping a mentoring roadmap and developing a supportive network for strategic career advancement. Sage Open, 7(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017710288
Mukhtar, K., Usman, J., Malik, K. A., Qasim, M. A., Mukhtar, M., & Shahid, U. (2023). Challenges of mentoring program: Perceived by the stakeholders. JSMDC, 9(2), 92-96.
Ospina, N. S., & Medina, S. L. (2020). Living and teaching internationally: Teachers talk about personal experiences, benefits, and challenges. Journal of Research in International Education, 19(1), 38-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240920915013
Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage.
Quek, G. (2017). How to match mentors and mentees effectively. In Coaching and Mentoring in the Asia Pacific (pp. 214-221). Routledge.
Quintão, C., Andrade, P., & Almeida, F. (2020). How to improve the validity and reliability of a case study approach? Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 9(2), 264-275. https://doi.org/10.32674/jise.v9i2.2026
Ragins, B. R., & Kram, K. E. (Eds.). (2007). The handbook of mentoring at work: Theory, research, and practice. Sage.
Ragins, B. R., & Verbos, A. K. (2017). Positive relationships in action: Relational mentoring and mentoring schemas in the workplace. In Exploring positive relationships at work (pp. 91-116). Psychology Press.
Sanyal, C. (2017). The effective mentor, mentee, and mentoring relationship. In The SAGE handbook of mentoring (pp. 143-155). SAGE.
Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., ... & Jinks, C. (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: Exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & Quantity, 52, 1893-1907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8
Schriever, V., & Grainger, P. (2019). Mentoring an early career researcher: insider perspectives from the mentee and mentor. Reflective Practice, 20(6), 720-731. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2019.1674272
Siggelkow, N. (2007). Persuasion with case studies. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 20-24. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.24160882
Sherif, K., Nan, N., & Brice, J. (2020). Career success in academia. Career Development International, 25(6), 597-616. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-09-2019-0232
Sorkness, C. A., Pfund, C., Ofili, E. O., Okuyemi, K. S., Vishwanatha, J. K., National Research Mentoring Network team, ... & Womack, V. (2017). A new approach to mentoring for research careers: the National Research Mentoring Network. BMC Proceedings, 11, 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12919-017-0083-8
Taylor, T. A. (2019). Exploring ethical mentorship as leadership within an Islamic ethic of care. Journal of Women and Gender in Higher Education, 12(1), 54-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407882.2018.1500294
Turban, D. B., & Lee, F. K. (2007). The role of personality in mentoring relationships. The Handbook of Mentoring at Work: Theory, Research, and Practice, 9, 21-50.
Vikaraman, S. S., Mansor, A. N., & Hamzah, M. I. M. (2017). Mentoring and coaching practices for beginner teachers—A need for mentor coaching skills training and principal’s support. Creative Education, 8(1), 156-169. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2017.81013
Wang, S., Greenberger, D. B., Noe, R. A., & Fan, J. (2017). The development of mentoring relationships: an attachment theory perspective. In Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management (pp. 53-101). Emerald Publishing Limited.
Welsh, E. T., & Diehn, E. W. (2018). Mentoring and gender: perception is not reality. Career Development International, 23(4), 346-359. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2017-0198
Williamson, S., Lawrence, E., Lyons, M. D., & Deutsch, N. L. (2020). What mentees bring: Relationship characteristics pre-mentoring and mentoring relationship satisfaction. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 40(7), 996-1022. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431619891251
Yip, J., Ehrhardt, K., Black, H., & Walker, D. O. (2018). Attachment theory at work: A review and directions for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(2), 185-198. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2204
Sun, T. (2025). Exploring Key Factors in Mentoring Relationships in Malaysian Higher Education Institutions: A Case Study of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 14(1), 2464–2476.
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