The Role of Psychological Well-Being in Mediating the Impact of Physical Education on Physical Fitness among Vocational University Students in Nanchang, China

Abdul, L., & Yu, T. F. (2020). Resilient urbanization: a systematic review on urban discourse in Pakistan. Urban Science, 4(4), 76.https://www.mdpi.com/2413-8851/4/4/76/pdf
Abdullaeva, B. P. (2022). Use of Team Sports in Physical Education Activities in Preschool Educational Organizations in Our Country and Abroad. Periodica Journal of Modern Philosophy, Social Sciences and Humanities, 12, 116-120. https://www.periodica.org/index.php/journal/article/download/277/244
Abulibdeh, A., Zaidan, E., & Abulibdeh, R. (2024). Navigating the confluence of artificial intelligence and education for sustainable development in the era of industry 4.0: Challenges, opportunities, and ethical dimensions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 140527. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652623046851
Abutabenjeh, S., & Jaradat, R. (2018). Clarification of research design, research methods, and research methodology: A guide for public administration researchers and practitioners. Teaching Public Administration, 36(3), 237-258. DOI: 10.1177/0144739418775787
Aguilera, R. V., Aragón-Correa, J. A., Marano, V., & Tashman, P. A. (2021). The corporate governance of environmental sustainability: A review and proposal for more integrated research. Journal of Management, 47(6), 1468-1497.
Altassan, A. (2023). Sustainable integration of solar energy, behavior change, and recycling practices in educational institutions: a holistic framework for environmental conservation and quality education. Sustainability, 15(20), 15157.
Al-Ababneh, M. M. (2020). Linking ontology, epistemology and research methodology. Science & Philosophy, 8(1), 75-91.
Alaro, A. A. (2020). An assessment of cohesion and coherence in students’ descriptive and narrative essays: The case of sodo preparatory school grade eleven students’. English Language, Literature & Culture, 5(1), 45-52.https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/287193474.pdf
Ali, M. F., Kundra, S., Alam, M. A., & Alam, M. (2021). Investigating stress, anxiety, social support and sex satisfaction on physical education and sports teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon, 7(8). https://www.cell.com/heliyon/pdf/S2405-8440(21)01963-0.pdf
Petersen, J. M., Prichard, I., & Kemps, E. (2019). A comparison of physical activity mobile apps with and without existing web-based social networking platforms: systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(8), e12687. https://www.jmir.org/2019/8/e12687/
Physical fitness and Psychological well-being (2023). Available at: https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/a-z-topics/physical-health-and-mental-health#:~:text=Physical%20health%20problems%20significantly%20increase,most%20often%20depression%20or%20anxiety. (Accessed: 21 August 2023).
Piñeiro-Cossio, J., Fernández-Martínez, A., Nuviala, A., & Pérez-Ordás, R. (2021). Psychological wellbeing in physical education and school sports: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 864. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/3/864/pdf
Popowczak, M., Rokita, A., Ko?lenia, D., & Domaradzki, J. (2022). The high-intensity interval training introduced in physical education lessons decrease systole in high blood pressure adolescents. Scientific reports, 12(1), 1974.http://www.gavilan.edu/accreditation/2013/evidence/standard-2a/Form_C_PE_2.doc
Post, C., Sarala, R., Gatrell, C., & Prescott, J. E. (2020). Advancing theory with review articles. Journal of Management Studies, 57(2), 351-376.https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3084297/1/16644508.pdf
Prihartanto, H., Sutapa, P., Suharjana, S., & Antoni, M. S. (2022, January). Sequential Physical Activity Model to Improve Motor Ability in Early Children. In Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports in conjunction with the 4th Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (COIS-YISHPESS 2021) (pp. 111-117). Atlantis Press. https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125969175.pdf
Pulimeno, M., Piscitelli, P., & Colazzo, S. (2020). Children’s literature to promote students’ global development and wellbeing. Health Promotion Perspectives, 10(1), 13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7036210/
Putra, A. S. B., Kusumawati, E. D., & Kartikasari, D. (2024). Unpacking the Roots and Impact of Workplace Well-being: A Literature Review. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science, 2(01), 312-321. https://risetpress.com/index.php/ijmars/article/download/433/337
Yucheng, Q. (2019). Analysis of physical activity behavior based on college students' physical fitness test data. Journal of Beijing Sport University, 42(5), 55-61.
Qin, F., Song, Y., Nassis, G. P., Zhao, L., Dong, Y., Zhao, C., ... & Zhao, J. (2020). Physical activity, screen time, and emotional well-being during the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(14), 5170. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/14/5170
Qiu, L. F., & Xiao, S. (2020). A study on the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and physical function and fitness of college students. Journal of Jilin Institute of Physical Education, 30(6), 69-73.
Quarmby, T., Daly-Smith, A., & Kime, N. (2019). ‘You get some very archaic ideas of what teaching is…’: Primary school teachers’ perceptions of the barriers to physically active lessons. Education 3-13, 47(3), 308-321. https://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/4743/1/YouGetSomeVeryArchaicIdeasAM_QUARMBY.pdf
Rahman, M. H., & Islam, M. S. (2020). Stretching and flexibility: A range of motion for games and sports. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 6(8). https://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejep/article/download/3380/6016
Rahman, M. M., Liang, C. Y., Gu, D., Ding, Y., & Akter, M. (2019). Understanding levels and motivation of physical activity for health promotion among Chinese middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional investigation. Journal of healthcare engineering, 2019. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/23/4688/pdf
Sining, M., Sharaai, A. H., & Wafa, W. (2022). A study of social well-being among university students. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 27(3), 492-504. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-022-02029-w
Skinner, B., Moss, R., & Hammond, L. (2020). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of foam rolling on range of motion, recovery and markers of athletic performance. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 24(3), 105-122. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/12849/1/Skinner_etal_ELS_2020_A_systematic_review_and_meta_analysis_of_the_effects_of_foam_rolling_on_range_of_motion_recovery_and_markers_of_athletic_performance.pdf
Slavich, G. M., Roos, L. G., Mengelkoch, S., Webb, C. A., Shattuck, E. C., Moriarity, D. P., & Alley, J. C. (2023). Social Safety Theory: Conceptual foundation, underlying mechanisms, and future directions. Health psychology review, 17(1), 5-59. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17437199.2023.2171900
Smith, J. L., & Brown, M. A. (2020). Gender differences in sit-and-reach test performance among college students. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(6), 1652-1658.
Smith, J. (2023). Analysis of Physical form among college students: A case study at Wuyi University. Journal of Xichang University (Natural Science Edition), (4), 18-23.
Smith, A. B., & Jones, C. D. (2020). The effects of exercise on university students' physical and Psychological well-being: A comprehensive review. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 91(1), 26-32.
Smith, J. A., & Johnson, R. B. (2019). The impact of physical education on Psychological well-being and physical fitness among college students. Journal of Health and Physical Education, 56(2), 123-135.
Smith, A., & Jones, B. (2010). The effects of gender and age on standing long jump performance in adults. Journal of Sports Science, 28(10), 1081-1088.
Socialskillsplace.com (2023). Understanding our Four Basic Needs help Ourselves and Our Children. Retrieved 26 June 2023, from https://socialskillsplace.com/archive/0410.newsletter.html
Song, L., & Chen, J. (2013). University students’ conceptions of an excellent physical education teacher in China. European Physical Education Review, 19(1), 110-126.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Junjun-Chen-4/publication/258135743_University_students'_conceptions_of_an_excellent_physical_education_teacher_in_China/links/53db60f60cf2e38c6339ac02/University-students-conceptions-of-an-excellent-physical-education-teacher-in-China.pdf?_sg%5B0%5D=started_experiment_milestone&origin=journalDetail
State Council (2019). Circular of the State Council on the Issuance of the Implementation Plan for National Vocational Education Reform [EB/OL]. http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/moe_1777/moe_1778/201904/t20190404_376701.html,2019-01-24.
Statista.com. (2023a, June 19). Topic: Psychological well-being in China. Statista. https://www.statista.com/topics/9303/mental-health-in-china/
statista.com. (2023b, September 4). China: Frequency of physical exercises 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1315250/china-frequency-of-physical-exercises/
Statista (2023) China: frequency of children participating in sports activities 2021 | Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1342932/china-frequency-of-children-participating-in-sports-activities/
Statista (2023) China: health and physical well-being as a source of happiness 2020 Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1063013/china-health-influence-happiness/
Statista (2023) China: share of parents regarding lack of exercise as reason for poor health of kids by education of kids 2019 Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1049901/china-share-of-parents-regarding-lack-of-exercise-as-reason-for-poor-health-of-kids-by-education-of-kids/
Wang, S. (2022). Effect of functional fitness training on college students' physical fitness. New Sports (14), 33-35.
SHI, Y., WANG, Z., & Lipowski, M. (2024). Integrating School Physical Education Into Adolescent Resilience Education in the Context of Integration of Sports and Education in the New Era: A Literature Review Study. US-China Education Review, 14(8), 505-519.
Suchomel, T. J., Nimphius, S., Bellon, C. R., Hornsby, W. G., & Stone, M. H. (2021). Training for muscular strength: Methods for monitoring and adjusting training intensity. Sports Medicine, 51(10), 2051-2066. https://www.leistungssport.at/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Suchomel2021_Article_TrainingForMuscularStrengthMet.pdf
Suharti, A., Putranto, F. M., Roselina, E., Alif, W. L., & Siregar, E. S. (2024). Validity and Reliability Test of Adaptation Auditory Skills Checklist Indonesian Version on Patients with Hearing Problems at Universitas Indonesia Hospital. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 20(3), 225-228.
Sun, J. (2021, December). Review Martial Arts Education in Primary Schools. In 2nd International Conference on Education Studies: Experience and Innovation (ICASEI 2021) (pp. 168-171). Atlantis Press. https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125966656.pdf
Sun, R., Yang, X., & Park, J. (2005). (2005). Application of gas metabolism method and its typical device K4b2 in energy metabolism measurement. Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene, 17(5), 445-448.
Sun, W. F., Lei, Y. T., Wang, Y. L., & Zhang, J.. (2019). Relationship between physical activity and Psychological well-being status of medical students. Bulletin of Sports Science and Technology Literature (04), 32-33+36. doi:10.19379/j.cnki.issn.1005-0256.2019.04.016.
Sürücü, L., & MASLAKÇI, A. (2020). Validity and reliability in quantitative research. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(3), 2694-2726.http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i3.1540
Taherdoost, H. (2021). Data Collection Methods and Tools for Research; A Step-by-Step Guide to Choose Data Collection Technique for Academic and Business Research Projects. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 10(1), 10-38.https://hal.science/hal-03741847/document
Tan, S. L., Jetzke, M., Vergeld, V., & Müller, C. (2020). Independent and combined associations of physical activity, sedentary time, and activity intensities with perceived stress among university students: internet-based cross-sectional study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(4), e20119. https://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/4/e20119
Taylor, C. E., Scott, E. J., & Owen, K. (2022). Physical activity, burnout and quality of life in medical students: A systematic review. The clinical teacher, 19(6), e13525.
Teychenne, M., White, R. L., Richards, J., Schuch, F. B., Rosenbaum, S., & Bennie, J. A. (2020). Dothis studyneed physical activity guidelines for Psychological well-being: What does the evidence tell us?. Psychological well-being and physical activity, 18, 100315.https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q6343/do-we-need-physical-activity-guidelines-for-mental-health-what-does-the-evidence-tell-us
Tegero, M. C. (2021). Challenges encountered by physical education teachers in online teaching in times of Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Research Publications, 91(1), 157-171. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maricar-Tegero/publication/357518764_Challenges_Encountered_by_Physical_Education_Teachers_in_Online_Teaching_in_Times_of_COVID-19_Pandemic/links/63563f0f8d4484154a2b9b6c/Challenges-Encountered-by-Physical-Education-Teachers-in-Online-Teaching-in-Times-of-COVID-19-Pandemic.pdf
Thomas, A. M., Beaudry, K. M., Gammage, K. L., Klentrou, P., & Josse, A. R. (2019). Physical activity, sport participation, and perceived barriers to engagement in first-year Canadian university students. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 16(6), 437-446. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kayleigh-Beaudry/publication/333379193_Physical_Activity_Sport_Participation_and_Perceived_Barriers_to_Engagement_in_First-Year_Canadian_University_Students/links/5f7bc810458515b7cf6a1abd/Physical-Activity-Sport-Participation-and-Perceived-Barriers-to-Engagement-in-First-Year-Canadian-University-Students.pdf
Till, K., Eisenmann, J., Emmonds, S., Jones, B., Mitchell, T., Cowburn, I., ... & Lloyd, R. S. (2021). A coaching session framework to facilitate long-term athletic development. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 43(3), 43-55. http://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/6663/3/ACoachingSessionFrameworkToFacilitateLong-TermAthleticDevelopmentAM-TILL.pdf
Tong, Z., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Z., An, R., Liu, Y., & Zheng, M. (2023). Unravel the spatio-temporal patterns and their nonlinear relationship with correlates of dockless shared bikes near metro stations. Geo-Spatial Information Science, 26(3), 577-598. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10095020.2022.2137857
Trigueros, R., Mínguez, L. A., González-Bernal, J. J., Jahouh, M., Soto-Camara, R., & Aguilar-Parra, J. M. (2019). Influence of teaching style on physical education adolescents’ motivation and health-related lifestyle. Nutrients, 11(11), 2594.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/11/2594/pdf
Troiano, R. P., Stamatakis, E., & Bull, F. C. (2020). How can global physical activity surveillance adapt to evolving physical activity guidelines? Needs, challenges and future directions. British journal of sports medicine, 54(24), 1468-1473. https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/54/24/1468.full.pdf
Tsiouris, K. M., Tsakanikas, V. D., Gatsios, D., & Fotiadis, D. I. (2020). A review of virtual coaching systems in healthcare: closing the loop with real-time feedback. Frontiers in Digital Health, 2, 567502. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2020.567502/full
Tulchin-Francis, K., Stevens Jr, W., Gu, X., Zhang, T., Roberts, H., Keller, J., ... & VanPelt, J. (2021). The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on physical activity in US children. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 10(3), 323-332. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095254621000259
Uddin, R., Salmon, J., Islam, S. M. S., & Khan, A. (2020). Physical education class participation is associated with physical activity among adolescents in 65 countries. Scientific reports, 10(1), 22128. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-79100-9
Uy, F., Abendan, C. F., Kilag, O. K., Villegas, M. A., Ymas, S., & Pahayahay, D. (2023). Enhancing School Safety: Integrating iam Glasser's Choice Theory in Crisis Preparedness and Response. Excellencia: International Multi-disciplinary Journal of Education (2994-9521), 1(5), 148-158. https://multijournals.org/index.php/excellencia-imje/article/download/108/115
van Deutekom, A. W., & Lewandowski, A. J. (2021). Physical activity modification in youth with congenital heart disease: a comprehensive narrative review. Pediatric research, 89(7), 1650-1658. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-020-01194-8
van Etten, J., de Sousa, K., Cairns, J. E., Dell’Acqua, M., Fadda, C., Guereña, D., ... & Tufan, H. A. (2023). Data-driven approaches can harness crop diversity to address heterogeneous needs for breeding products. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(14), e2205771120. https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2205771120
Van Luchene, P., & Delens, C. (2021). The influence of social support specific to physical activity on physical activity among Vocational University and university students: a systematic review. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 18(6), 737-747. https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jpah/18/6/article-p737.xml
Van Wee, B., De Vos, J., & Maat, K. (2019). Impacts of the built environment and travel behaviour on attitudes: Theories underpinning the reverse causality hypothesis. Journal of transport geography, 80, 102540. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966692318308913
Vasconcellos, D., Parker, P. D., Hilland, T., Cinelli, R., Owen, K. B., Kapsal, N., ... & Lonsdale, C. (2020). Self-determination theory applied to physical education: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of educational psychology, 112(7), 1444. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2019-61785-001
Vasconcellos, D., Parker, P. D., Hilland, T., Cinelli, R., Owen, K. B., Kapsal, N., ... & Lonsdale, C. (2020). Self-determination theory applied to physical education: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of educational psychology, 112(7), 1444.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Diego-Vasconcellos-2/publication/336630979_Self-Determination_theory_applied_to_physical_education_A_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis/links/5febd45345851553a004f723/Self-Determination-theory-applied-to-physical-education-A-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis.pdf
Vasconcellos, D., Parker, P. D., Hilland, T., Cinelli, R., Owen, K. B., Kapsal, N., ... & Lonsdale, C. (2020). Self-determination theory applied to physical education: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of educational psychology, 112(7), 1444.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Diego-Vasconcellos-2/publication/336630979_Self-Determination_theory_applied_to_physical_education_A_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis/links/5febd45345851553a004f723/Self-Determination-theory-applied-to-physical-education-A-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis.pdf
Vermote, B., Aelterman, N., Beyers, W., Aper, L., Buysschaert, F., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2020). The role of teachers’ motivation and mindsets in predicting a (de) motivating teaching style in higher education: A circumplex approach. Motivation and emotion, 44, 270-294. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wim-Beyers/publication/340360409_The_role_of_teachers%27_motivation_and_mindsets_in_predicting_a_demotivating_teaching_style_in_higher_education_a_circumplex_approach/links/5e8b42924585150839c47006/The-role-of-teachers-motivation-and-mindsets-in-predicting-a-demotivating-teaching-style-in-higher-education-a-circumplex-approach.pdf
Villa?González, E., Barranco?Ruiz, Y., García?Hermoso, A., & Faigenbaum, A. D. (2023). Efficacy of school?based interventions for improving muscular fitness outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta?analysis. European Journal of Sport Science, 23(3), 444-459. https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/71015/Supplementary%20Files.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Visier?Alfonso, M. E., Sánchez?López, M., Álvarez?Bueno, C., Ruiz?Hermosa, A., Nieto?López, M., & Martínez?Vizcaíno, V. (2022). Mediators between physical activity and academic achievement: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 32(3), 452-464. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/sms.14107
Wang, Q. L., & Wang, X. Q... (2022). Analysis of factors affecting physical fitness of university students in the context of a strong sports nation and ways to develop it. Sports Style, (07), 77-79.
Wang, K., Yang, Y., Zhang, T., Ouyang, Y., Liu, B., & Luo, J. (2020). The relationship between physical activity and emotional intelligence in Vocational University students: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 967. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00967/full
Wang, Y., Muthu, B., & Sivaparthipan, C. (2021). Internet of things driven physical activity recognition system for physical education. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 81, 103723.
Wang, Y. (2023). Application Research of Music Therapy in Psychological well-being of Special Children. International Journal of Psychological well-being Promotion, 25(6).https://cdn.techscience.cn/files/ijmhp/2023/TSP_IJMHP-25-6/IntJMentHealthPromot-25-06-26440/IntJMentHealthPromot-25-26440.pdf
Changsheng, W. (2019). A survey study on the relationship between physical education and Psychological well-being of adolescent students. Journal of Hubei Three Gorges College, 19(3).
Warrier, U., John, M., & Warrier, S. (2021). Leveraging emotional intelligence competencies for sustainable development of higher education institutions in the new normal. FIIB Business Review, 10(1), 62-73. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2319714521992032
Zheng, W., Ma, Y.-Y., & Lin, H.-L. (2021). Research on blended learning in physical education during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of Chinese students. Sage Open, 11(4), 21582440211058196.
Xinde, Z. (2014). Revisiting the relationship between physical fitness and health in physical education. Journal of Ningbo Institute of Education, 16(06), 78-80+91.
Zhu, M.,& Hou, J. (2003). Cultural and philosophical thinking on the relationship between physical constitution and health. Reclamation Medicine (02), 123-125
Jing, Z. (2011). Analyzing and thinking about physical fitness and health. Science and Education Guide, (03), 172+183.
Zilli, C., Parsons, S., & Kovshoff, H. (2020). Keys to engagement: A case study exploring the participation of autistic pupils in educational decision?making at school. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(3), 770-789. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/435805/1/BJEP_Manuscript_Author_Accepted_Version.docx

Ding, P., & Ping, W. S. (2025). The Role of Psychological Well-Being in Mediating the Impact of Physical Education on Physical Fitness among Vocational University Students in Nanchang, China. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 14(2), 1407–1420.

Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode